Abstract: Knowledge and experience is both the basis and the resistance of insight problem solving behaviors. Advantaged knowledge hinders insight problem solving, whereas disadvantaged knowledge is the key to solve insight problems. Particularly, advantaged knowledge "help" problem solvers understand, think and solve problems with familiar path, which may let problem solvers get into the impasses, such as chunking effects that prevent the construction of initial state of problem space; constraint effects prevent the establishment of target state of problem space; functional fixed effects prevent correct operator identification. All of these three effects belong to the generally mental set, it may occur possibly because there might be a hierarchical processing model in the brain, which give higher priority to the familiar path of percept, deliberate and solve problem than novel information processing. The familiar solution path that with higher priority will comes to mind first and biased the attention, which not only reduce the exploration tendency of alternative solutions and also increase the difficulty of operate alternatives. Problem solvers must make a greater effect to win the unbalanced attentional competition between the disabled familiar solution paths and alternatives. Or else, the mechanization of familiar solution may let the brain loss attention flexibility, which in turn decrease the possibility to divert attention from familiar solution to explore and operate alternative solutions quickly and fluently. In order to break impasses and get insights, problem solver have to inhibited advantaged knowledge related familiar but disabled solution path, reactivated disadvantaged knowledge related novel solution. It violates the cognitive processing tendency of the brain, which is very difficult to spontaneously occur. However, it was possible to directly activate disadvantaged knowledge by means of spreading activation or increase the likely of activate disadvantaged knowledge by means of attention regulation, and then facilitated insight problem solving.

Key words: insight, prior knowledge, spreading activation, attention regulation

摘要： 知识经验对于顿悟问题解决是一把双刃剑，强势知识会阻碍顿悟问题解决，弱势知识才是顿悟问题解决的关键。强势知识引导的组块效应、约束效应和固着效应等心理定势现象，“帮助”问题解决者以惯用方案来理解、思考和解决问题。之所以会这样，可能是因为大脑内存在一套具有优先级差的层级加工系统，赋予惯用方案的优先级最高。不过，惯用方案不仅不能够解决顿悟问题，而且还会通过注意竞争和注意失灵方式来阻碍新异方案的探索和执行，所以，问题解决者往往都会进入思维僵局。僵局的打破和顿悟的实现，需要抑制住强势知识及其相关的惯用方案、激活弱势知识和新异方案，这违反了大脑的认知加工惯性，是很难以自发发生的。但是，可以通过激活扩散来增强弱势知识的激活水平，或者是拓宽注意范围、提高注意灵活性来增加弱势知识激活的可能性，从而促进顿悟问题解决。

关键词: 顿悟，知识经验，注意竞争，注意失灵，层级加工系统