关键词: 身体, 姿势, 效应, 具身

Abstract: Under the perspective of embodiment, body postures not only accompany certain mental states, but also have a significant effect on psychology and behavior. As an important part of embodiment research, posture effects are of?great research value and?have attained rich achievements. We summarized the effects of "upright" and "slumped", "expansive" and "contractive", "horizontal" and "vertical" postures which have caused extensive concern. The six postures are all high-frequency postures with good ecological validity as well as typical meanings, which are usually manipulated as independent variables in comparative studies. Thereinto, "upright" and "slumped" have partial limbs differences in postures (upper body). In daily life, upright postures are associated with positive meanings, while slumped postures are associated with negative meanings. Upright postures and slumped postures not only are explicit expression of emotional state, a great majority of experiments indicated that upright postures can induce positive emotions such as pride, whereas, slumped postures induced negative emotions such as learned helpless. The effect caused by upright postures and slumped postures also exist in self-evaluation, emotion management, social cognition, and have the consistency in stress situation and social interaction situation. "Expansive" and "contractive" postures have a distinction in entire body display. Indiciduals with expansive posture seem high-power and dominant, in contrast, contractive postures are considered as low-power and obedient. The two kinds of postures have an effect on physiological, psychological and behavior levels. When individuals act expansively compare to act contractively, it would be more powerful and confident feelings, as well as tended to take more risky choices, honest behavior and improve interview performance. From the physical standpoint, The differences in "horizontal" and "vertical" postures mainly consist in the spatial positions. However, plenty of researches found that the effect differences of horizontal postures and vertical postures mostly reflected in brain activity patterns, cognitive functions and so on. In general, it is reported that horizontal posture is not conducive to process cognitive tasks compared to vertical postures(including sitting postures and standing postures), and brain activities were inhibited when individuals act horizontal postures. Vertical postures (expecially standing posture) probably more fit for work and study. We reviewed theories in?regards?to the internal mechanisms of posture effects. Neuromuscular feedback theory, self-perception theory and situated cognition theory were constructed from physiological, psychological and situational perspectives respectively. Nevertheless, both of the theories have advantages and limitations, they are unable to account for how posture effects arise perfectly alone. It is revealed that the internal mechanisms of posture effects may be a multi-dimensional and dynamic process which acquires further exploration through cognitive neuroscience methods in the future. Furthermore, we pointed out the limitations and future research directions. (1) “double-tasks paradigm” and “primng paradigm” have?their?own?characteristics, it is essential for researchers to examine the effect differences caused by paradigms. (2) The semantic?interference of posture introductions to posture effects have to be controlled. (3) Posture effects are unable and mild, Repetitive research will be developed in the future. (4) We should use cognitive neuroscience technologies such as fNIRS to strengthen deep mechanism analysis. It is suggested that the neural mechanism, time course changes, individual differences of posture effects, mental adjustment function of postures，and posture effects in special populations such as depression and Alzheimer's disease would become popular research hotspots.

Key words: body, posture, effect, embodiment