不同认知方式个体抑制歧义词不适当意义的机制

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 本试验采用固定速的移动窗口范式和意义适合性判断任务，考察场依存、场独立个体抑制句子中歧义词不适当意义的机制以及歧义词歧义消解的进程。结果表明：不同认知方式个体在抑制句子中歧义词不适当意义的时间进程上存在差异，与场依存者相比，场独立者能够较早地抑制歧义的干扰；同时，本研究证明歧义词的多个意义首先激活，然后与语境不一致的意义得到抑制，研究结果支持词汇歧义消解的多重通达模型。

关键词: 歧义词, 抑制, 认知方式

Abstract: Lexical ambiguity resolution is the process whereby the inappropriate meaning of ambiguous word was inhibited and the appropriate meaning was selected. There are two views about inhibiting the inappropriate meaning of ambiguous words in sentences comprehension, one is that multiple meanings of ambiguous words is activated firstly, then the inappropriate meaning was eliminated from the working memory (Swinney, 1979; Marson & Just, 2007), another is that the inappropriate meaning was prevented from activating at first (Sereno, 1995). Cognitive styles mean the preference to depend on internal inference or external inference in processing information, individuals tend to depend on internal inference were classified as field dependence, while individuals depend on external inference more were classified as field independence. Previous studies found that the capacity of cognitive reconstruction of field independence is significantly higher than that of field dependence (Witkin & Goodenough, 1981). In order to acquire the correct sentence meaning, it is necessary to reconstruct the sentence representation in the process of the lexical disambiguity in sentence comprehension. However, no study explored the different mechanism of individuals with different cognitive styles in inhibiting the lexical ambiguity. The aim of this experiment is to explore the different mechanism between field independence and field dependence in inhibiting the inappropriate meaning of ambiguous words and the disambiguity mechanism of ambiguous words. The force-paced moving windows paradigms and semantic congruity judging tasks were employed in our research. The fixed design is 2 (Cognitive Styles: field dependence, field independence) × 2 (ISI: 150ms, 800ms) × 2 (Sentence Type: ambiguous sentence, unambiguous sentence), Cognitive Styles and Sentence Type are between variables, and ISI is within variable. ANOVA analysis found an three factors interaction among Cognitive Styles, Sentence Type and ISI (F1(1, 56) =4.22，p<0.05；F2(1, 31) =5.03，p<0.05), further analysis showed that a significant main effect of Sentence Type was found for field dependence (F1(1, 28) =45.53，p<0.001；F2(1, 31) =32.75，p<0.001), but no interaction between Sentence Type and ISI was found, which means that there was significantly difference between the ambiguous sentences and unambiguous sentences both at 150ms and at 800ms after ambiguous words for field dependence; for field independence, however, an interaction between Sentence Type and ISI was found (F1(1, 28) =15.00，p<0.01；F2(1, 31) =17.87，p<0.01), at 150ms after ambiguous words, significant difference between ambiguous sentence and unambiguous sentence was found (F1(1, 28)=41.34，p<0.001；F2(1, 31)=36.30，p<0.001), while there was no significant difference between ambiguous sentence and unambiguous sentence at 800ms after ambiguous words. These findings indicated that field independence inhibited the inappropriate meanings of ambiguous words at 800ms after the ambiguous words, while field dependence did not inhibit the inappropriate meanings of ambiguous words at the same time point (800ms). In a word, field independence inhibited the inappropriate meanings of ambiguous words earlier than field dependence. Meanwhile, the results indicated that the multiple meanings of ambiguous words were activated firstly, then the meaning inconsistent with context was inhibited, which supported the Multiple Access Model

Key words: ambiguous words, inhibition, cognitive styles

贾广珍李寿欣. 不同认知方式个体抑制歧义词不适当意义的机制[J]. 心理科学, 2013, 36(2): 340-343.

Guang-Zhen JIA. The Mechanism of Individuals with Different Cognitive Styles Inhibiting the Inappropriate Meaning of Ambiguous Words[J]. Psychological Science, 2013, 36(2): 340-343.

参考文献

[1]井世洁, 缪小春.不同语言理解能力中学生的抑制加工[J].心理科学,2003,26:67-70 [2]李寿欣, 徐增杰, 陈慧媛.不同认知方式个体在语篇阅读中抑制外部干扰的眼动研究[J].心理学报,2010,42(5):539-546 [3]孟庆茂，常建华.关于《镶嵌图形测验》评分方法及部分常模的修订[J].谢斯骏,张厚粲. 认知方式———一个人格维度的实验研究. 北京: 北京师范大学出版社,1988,:278-280 [4]宋广文, 韩树杰..场依存—独立认知方式干扰抑制的比较[J].心理与行为研究,2007,5(2):100-104 [5]孙兵, 刘鸣..暂时句法歧义句认知加工初探[J].心理科学,2005,28(5):1052-1054 [6]杨丽霞，崔耀，陈永明. (1999). 工作记忆、意思相对频率与汉语歧义句的加工. 心理科学, 22, 222-22 [7]杨丽霞, 陈永明, 周治金..不同理解能力的个体在词汇加工中的抑制机制[J].心理学报,2001,33(4):294-299 [8]杨丽霞, 陈永明.句子加工水平上对外在干扰的抑制机制[J].心理学报,2002,34(6):553-560 [9]张亚旭, 王黎, 舒华..汉语同音异形词意义识别中的抑制过程[J].心理学报,2003,35(3):291-299 [10]周治金, 陈永明, 杨丽霞, 陈焕之..汉语歧义词加工中抑制机制的作用过程[J].心理学报,2004,36(6):637-643 [11]Chih wei Hue, Yi Jau Chen, Shih Hua Chang et al.（1996） Word Association for 600 Chinese Homograph, Chinese Journal of Psychology, 38(2), 67-169 (胡志伟，陈贻照，张世华等..中文多字多义词自由联想常模[J].中华心理学刊,1996,38(2):67-169 [12]Cochran, K. F., & Davis, J. K. .Individual differences in inference processes[J].Journal of Research in Personality,1987,21(2):197-210 [13]David, M. H., Marslen-Wilson, W. D., & Gaskell, M. G..Leading Up the Lexical Garden Path: Segmentation and Ambiguity in Spoken Word Recognition[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,2002,28(1):218-244 [14]Gadsby, N., Arnott, W. L., & Copland, D. A..An investigation of working memory influences on lexical ambiguity resolution[J].Neuropsychology,2008,22(2):209-216 [15]Gernsbacher, M. A..Language comprehension as structure building. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc,[J].,1990,:- [16]Gernsbacher, M. A., & Faust, M. E. .The role of suppression in sentence comprehension. In: Simpson GB ed. [J].Understanding word and sentence. Amsterdam: North Holland,1990,:97-128 [17]Gernsbacher, M. A., & Faust, M. E..The mechanism of suppression: A component of general comprehension skill[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,1991,17(2):245-262 [18]Hamm, V. P., & Hasher, L. .Age and the availability of inferences[J].Psychology and Aging,1992,6:56-64 [19]Kintsch, W..The Role of Knowledge in Discourse Comprehension: A Construction -Integration Model[J].Psychological Review,1988,95(2):163-182 [20]kintsch, W., & Mross, E. F. .Context effects in word identification[J].Journal of Memory and language,1985,24:336-349 [21]Lefever, M., & Ehri, L. C..The Relationship Between Field Independence and Sentence Disambiguation Ability[J].Journal of Psycholinguistic Research,1976,5:99-106 [22]Marson. R. A., & Just, M. A. .Lexical ambiguity in sentence comprehension[J].Brain Research,2007,1146:115-127 [23]Norbury, C. F. .Barking up the wrong tree? Lexical ambiguity resolution in children with language impairments and autistic spectrum disorders[J].Journal of Experimental Children Psychology,2005,90:142-171 [24]Rodd, J. M., Gaskell, M,G., & Marslen-Wilson, W, D..Making sense of semantic ambiguity: semantic competition in lexical access[J].Journal of Memory and Language,2002,46:245-266 [25]Rodd, J. M., Longe, O. A., Randall, B., & Tyler, L. K. .The functional organisation of the fronto-temporal language system: Evidence from syntactic and semantic ambiguity[J].Neuropsychologia,2010,48:1324-1335 [26]Sereno, S. C..Resolution of lexical ambiguity: evidence from an eye movement priming paradigm[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning , Memory and Cognition,1995,21(3):582-595 [27]Snedeker, J., & Trueswell, J. C..The developing constraints on parsing decisions: The role of lexical-biases and referential scenes in child and adult sentence processing[J].Cognitive Psychology,2004,49(3):238-299 [28]Swet, B., Desmet, T., Hambrick, D. Z., & Ferreira, F..The Role of Working Memory in Syntactic Ambiguity Resolution: A Psychometric Approach[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology: Genaral,2007,136(1):64-81 [29]Swinney, D. A..Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re)consideration of context effects[J].Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,1979,18:645-659 [30]Witkin, H. A., & Goodenough, D. R. .Cognitive style: Essence and origins. New York: International University Press[J].,1981,:1-141 [31]Zempleni, M., Renken, R., John C, J. H., Hoogduin, J. M., & Stowe, L. A..Semantic ambiguity processing in sentence context: Evidence from event-related fMRI[J].NeuroImage,2007,34(3):1270-1279