关键词: 双语, 言语产生, 通达能力, 跨语言干扰, 使用频率, 词汇量

Abstract: Economic globalization pushes the exchanges between different countries, along with the requirement for languages. An increasing number of people realize that only mastering the mother tone is not sufficient to deal with the interpersonal communications with other countries’ people. Learning a second language, especially English, is ubiquitous in our country currently. Lots of study field have focused on the issue about the second language learning, such as psychology, linguistics and sociology. Considering the relationships with language learning bilingual experience has an indispensable effect on persons’ language processing. But few reviews centered on this issue. This paper gave a brief review about the influence of bilingual experience on speech production. With respect to the speech production, the most common research paradigms include Boston naming task, picture naming task and tip of tongue task. In the early stage, many researchers paid attention to lexical access, which got the most extensive studies and the most fruitful results. The results manifested that bilingual experience had a negative effect on lexical access, with the increasing reaction time in picture naming tasks. Recently, researchers were more interesting in other levels of speech production, including sub-lexical level, noun phrase and sentence. In the sub-lexical level, the tongue twist naming task proved bilinguals’ error rate was higher, and the result was affected by phonetic similarity. The naming speed of noun phrases and sentences in bilinguals was also slower than that in monolinguals. Furthermore, structural frequency and syntactic similarity of the two languages modulated the negative influence. In a word, bilingual speakers showed a poor access performance during speech production. This paper integrated the reasons of bilingual access disadvantage in terms of interference effect, frequency effect and the effect of vocabulary size. From interference perspective, the non-target language could not be turned off during speech production. Therefore, the non-target language caused interference or consumed cognitive resources. However, the language frequency effect hypothesis discussed the frequency of each language between monolingual and bilingual. This hypothesis emphasized bilinguals’ poor access performance in mother tongue, which was the most convincing evidence. Different from the above two, vocabulary size hypothesis was based on the size of bilingual speakers’ vocabulary. Until now, researchers have not agreed on the reason why the second language learning experience could reduce access ability during speech production. The review pointed out the urgent problems about bilingual access disadvantage in the end. One of the problems was the scope of the disadvantage. On one hand, language processing included language comprehension and language production which can be divided into spoken production and written production. Thus, more systemic studies should focus on the negative influence on the different aspects of language processing. On the other hand, most of the psychological researches centered on young adults and children, while ignored the elderly. The aged mastered more knowledge with the growth of age. It will be an interesting theme whether bilinguals’ access performance during language production changes in company with the growth of age. The other problem was to summarize these explanations about this phenomenon. The type of bilinguals is an important factor influencing language processing. Thus, the scope of subjects in experiment should be enlarged to different types, and researchers will follow the development of these subjects as well.

Key words: bilingualism, speech production, competence of access, interference effect, frequency effect, vocabulary size