关键词: 注意促进效应, 编码意识, R/K范式, 回想, 熟悉性

Abstract: Attentional boost effect refers to the phenomenon that when the secondary task of target detection is used in study phase, the subsequent memory of the study item will not be weakened, but the memory advantage accompanying the target item will be produced (Swallow & Jiang, 2010). Studies have confirmed that ABE is relatively stable under various conditions, no matter what the experimental material is words or pictures, regardless it is implicit memory or explicit memory test. Most of the previous studies on ABE used the recognition test, which is consist of two components: recollection and familiarity. Information is processed differently under different encode intentionality conditions: the processing of information under intentional encode condition is more elaborative, while incidental encode is more dependent on the perceptual processing of information. Although previous studies have found that ABE can also be produced in subsequent recognition tests under incidental encode condition, which component of recognition memory was promoted by target detection was not discussed. The purpose of this study is to explore whether target detection has different effect on recollection and familiarity in recognition memory under different encode intentionality conditions. This study has two conditions of encode intentionality: intentional encode and incidental encode. In the study phase, participants were told to encode a series of words while simultaneously monitoring the color of a circle above the word. They were instructed to press the spacebar when a red circle (target) appeared, and withhold a response when a green circle (distractor) appeared. Under the intentional encode condition, the participants were instructed to perform the target detection task while memorizing the words presented on the screen; while under the incidental encode condition, the participants were instructed to only perform the target detection task and ignore the words presented on the screen. In the later recognition test, the target words and distractor words were mixed with new words and presented randomly, and the participants were instructed to make old/new judgments and remember/know judgments. A total of 55 students participated in the experiment. The materials used in this experiment include 100 target-paired words, 100 distractor-paired words, and 200 new words, all words are low-frequency neutral words. All experimental procedures were programmed in Presentation 0.71, and were run on a DELL Dimension 8200 computer with a 19°monitor (1024×768 pixels). The main results of this experiment were as follows: (1) The interaction between encode intentionality and word type is significant[F(1,43)=5.068,p=0.030,?p2=0.105], which shows that the ABE under intentional encode condition is greater than that under incidental encode condition; (2) Encode intentionality, word type, and judgment type have a significant interaction. In the intentional encode condition, the advantage that target-paired words were recognised better than distractor-paired words in remember judgment[F(1,43)=53.570,p<0.001,?p2=0.555], while ABE was absent in know judgement; conversely, in the incidental encode condition, there was an increase in know judgment for target-paired words as compared to distractor-paired words[F(1,43)=10.060,p=0.003,?p2=0.190], while was not in remember judgement. This result shows that under different encode intentionality conditions, target detection has different effect on recollection and familiarity in recognition memory. Specificly, under intentional encode conditions, target detection promotes remember judgement, which is a judgment that relies on the elaborative processing of information, while incidental encode conditions promote know judgement, which is a judgment that is affected by the perceptual processing of the study item.We can draw a conclusion that the processing enhancement effect induced by target detection is non-specific, and the type of processing promoted by the time-selective-attention mechanism depends on the cognitive processing performed simultaneously with target detection. That is, target detection has an effect on whatever cognitive processing that is simultaneously performed.

Key words: attentional boost effect, encode consciousness, R/K paradigm, recollection, familiarity