关键词: 拒绝惩罚, 受欺负, 社会能力, 性别角色

Abstract: According to Bem’s theory (1975) , androgynous (characterized as possessing both high masculinity and high feminine traits)would better cope with social life than other gender-role orientation. The early adolescence is an important stage of gender-role development. There is little research on maternal negative parenting behavior such as rejection- punishment associated with social competences, and on the relationship how different gender-role orientation have worked. An undifferentiated adolescent may be more susceptible to the effects of maternal rejection-punishment parenting than differentiated (androgynous and sex-typed) ones. The purpose of the current study were to explore that the distribution of early adolescents’ gender roles, and to explore that differential and undifferentiated gender-role in adolescents may differ in the degree to which maternal rejection-punishment affect aspects of child development. 897 junior middle school students(boys=446,girls=412) from grade 6 to grade 9 were recruited from two suburban middle schools in Shanghai. Students were asked to complete questionnaires concerning their gender-role orientation edited by Rui(2008), and to provide peer nominations for victimization. Their mother reported rejection-punishment parenting behaviors using the Child Rearing Practices Report(1981); and teachers were asked to rate the school-related social competence including sociable, prosocial and assertive behaviors for each participant using the teacher–child rating scale (adapted from Hightower et al., 1986). The Results showed that the proportion of undifferentiated adolescents（38.10%）was the highest among all gender-roles adolescents (Χ2=26.27，P<.001), then the androgynous（32.30%）and the sex-typed in turn（29.6%). The sex-typed role adolescents were less than the androgynous ones（p<.01）and undifferentiated ones（p<.001), the androgynous ones were less than undifferentiated ones（p<.05）.Gender and gender-role orientation played inconsistent roles on victimization and social competence. Boys were more likely to be bullied and had less social competences than girls. Undifferentiated adolescents showed less social competence than androgynous ones. Gender-role orientation significantly moderated the relation of maternal rejection-punishment and early adolescents’ victimization and social competence. Maternal rejection-punishment was positively associated with adolescents’ victimization for undifferentiated students, but not for androgynous students and sex-typed students; Maternal rejection-punishment was negatively associated with child social competence for undifferentiated students, but not for androgynous students and sex-typed students. Differentiated gender-roles including sex-typed and androgynous may be a buffering factor that serves to protect children from maternal rejection-punishment parenting. These findings highlight the important role of differentiated gender-roles orientation both in the school bullying as well as in the social competence.

Key words: rejection-punishment, victimization, social competence, gender-role