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Words from the Editor-in-Chief ZHOU Xiaolin 2023, 46(1): 2-2.  Abstract ( )   PDF (148KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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The audio-visual integration and pre-preparation effects in emotion and timing discrimination tasks YuChen Li 2023, 46(1): 3-10.  Abstract ( )   PDF (976KB) ( )   Emotional audio-visual integration is an effective way to transmit and decode emotional information, which is of great significance to human survival and evolution. In multisensory integration, it is generally understood that one sensory signal promotes or alters the perception of other sensory signals. Studies have shown that the cross-sensory pre-preparation effect between visual and auditory is a key influencing factor of emotional audio-visual integration. However, it has not received much attention in the pre-preparation effect, particularly with regard to the emotional dimension. And previous research did not distinguish the emotional pre-preparation effect from the cross-sensory pre-preparation effect. Thus the present two studies started from the perspective of these two pre-preparation effects to gain insight into the emotional audio-visual integration processing mechanism. Experiment 1 adopted the time order judgment and simultaneous judgment tasks. Participants were asked to determine the chronological sequence of the visual and auditory stimuli, or whether they were presented at the same time. Experiment 2 adopted the emotion discrimination tasks. Participants were required to determine the emotional valence of visual, auditory, or audio-visual stimuli. The purpose of these two studies was to examine the influence of pre-preparation effects on emotional audio-visual integration either in the time or emotional cognitive dimensions. In Experiment 1, the response time of the visual-leading condition was significantly slower than the auditory-leading condition, and the accuracy was significantly lower than the auditory-leading condition. However, the amount of relative multisensory response enhancement （rMRE） for each condition of audiovisual integration was negative. It meant that audio-visual integration did not have many advantages compared with the single visual or auditory sensory. In Experiment 2, the rMRE of the negative emotion in auditory-leading condition was significantly greater than that in the visual-leading condition; the rMRE of the positive emotion in visual-leading condition was significantly greater than auditory-leading condition; however, the difference between the visual- and the auditory-leading condition on the rMRE of the neutral emotion was not significant. These research results showed that in the temporal dimension, the mechanism of the audio-visual integration was manifested as the feature matching processing cross the visual and auditory, and a better pre-preparation effect for the presentation time was in auditory than visual sensory. In the emotional cognitive dimension, the integration of the emotional information among the visual and auditory sensory had occurred with the positive rMRE amount, and the better emotional preparation effect had been discovered in the visual sensory than the auditory. Moreover, auditory channels played a greater role when integrating negative emotions, while visual channels dominate when integrating positive emotions. In summary, present experimental evidence showed that the enhancement of the emotional audiovisual integration was based on the cognitive processing of emotional information, and the temporal discrimination inhibited the emotional audiovisual integration. Either the pre-preparation effect of cross-sensory matching or emotional integration promoted the processing of visual and auditory information respectively and depended on the different neural circuits under visual- or auditory-leading independently. At last, the advantage of audio-visual integration showed that the cross-sensory and emotional pre-preparation effect was mediated by the tasks, demonstrating a separation between them. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Influence of Social Exclusion on The Visual Working Memory Capacity 2023, 46(1): 11-18.  Abstract ( )   PDF (879KB) ( )   Present study explores the influence of social exclusion on the visual working memory capacity (WMC) of nonsocial and social stimuli. A cyberball game was used to manipulate social exclusion. Nonsense shapes (NS) in study 1 were adopted as nonsocial stimuli, while biology motion (BM) in study 2a and human faces in study 2b were adopted as social stimuli. In study 1, 49 participants were asked to remember 1 - 4 NS. The results showed that socially excluded participants had a lower WMC than the socially accepted group. In Experiment 2a and 2b, 44 and 54 participants were asked to remember 1-5 BM and 1 - 4 human faces showing three different emotions (angry, happy, neutral). The results demonstrated that socially excluded participants had a larger WMC than the compared group in BM and three types of emotional face. The results of study 1 and 2 suggested social exclusion would exert an influence on individual's visual WMC, but the direction of this effect may be inconsistent due to the different attributes of the stimuli, when the stimulus is non-social stimuli unrelated to belonging need, social exclusion would reduce the individual's visual WMC. When the stimulus is social stimuli associated with the belonging need (neutral & emotional), the visual WMC of the individual would increase. Related Articles | Metrics

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An eye movements study on the relationship between handedness and implicit left-right spatial affective valence 2023, 46(1): 19-24.  Abstract ( )   PDF (583KB) ( )   The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between handedness and implicit left and right spatial affective valence, and the respective roles of fluency and spatial emotion in this relationship. Previous studies used the task of “spatial stimulus preference”, and found that the subjects preferred the stimulation on the same side of the dominant hand. The problem with this task is that it is impossible to distinguish the roles of hand action fluency and spatial emotion. Some studies found the independent effect of spatial emotion by tasks without hand using, but still cannot explain the relationship between hand movement fluency and spatial emotion.Recently, researchers found that there is a dominant effect of hand movement in the relationship between hand placement space and hand movement by cross hand experiments. However, there is little study to distinguish and compare the role of stimulation presenting space and hand movements in spatial affective tasks. Based on the emotional Stroopparadigm,the experimentwas designedas2 (hand: right hand vs. left hand) × 2 (picture presentation position: left vs. right) × 2 (picture valence: negative vs. positive). The subjects were required to judge the color of “+” presented on emotional face pictures which randomly appeared on the left or right space of screen.The reaction time and eye movement data were recordedas dependent variables. In the two experiments, a total of 50right- andleft-handers were selected by Edinburgh Handedness Inventory, and the experimentwas programmedby Experience Builder of SR ResearchCompany. Eye movement data of the right eye were recorded with Eye-Link 1000Plusdesktop eye tracker at a sampling frequency of 1000 Hz. The results showed that the reaction speed wasfaster by right hand than by left handfor right-handers(p<.05), but there was no such speed difference for left-handers. The results of eye movement showed that when subjects used the left hand to response, the proportion of fixation time on the positive picture was lower than negative picture when the pictures were presented by dominant side(p<.05), while the proportion of fixation time onthe positive picture was higher than negative picture when the pictures were presented bynon-dominant side(p<.05). The eye movementresults indicate that the spatial emotional preference existents at the implicit level. The results support the leading role of hand fluency in the individual response speed of right-handers, and dominant hand fluency and implicit spatial affective preference are reflected by reaction speed and space fixation percentage respectively,which proves the independent existence of the two elements.However, there is no interaction between space emotion and hand movement fluency in reaction speed. The discussion part explains the possible reasons why there is no dominant hand effect for left-handers, why implicit spatial affective preference occurs only when left hand reacts, and why manual fluency and spatial affective preference do not interact. In summary, the resultsshow that the reaction speed of right-handersis dominated by hand motor fluency, and hand motor fluency and implicit spatial preference are independent components that can be separated from each other. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Self-control Trait on Attentional Bias of Food Cues and Its Intervention: Evidence from Eye Movements 2023, 46(1): 25-33.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1034KB) ( )   Attentional bias is the individual's selective attention to information outside. Some studies have found that the attentional bias to high-calorie food cues is one of the reasons for the generation and maintenance of irrational eating behaviors. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the attentional bias of individuals to food cues for the maintenance of reasonable diet and healthy weight. In this study, the eye movement tracking technology and the dot-probe task were used to investigate the attentional bias of individuals with different self-control levels towards food cues and the intervention effect of modified point detection task on changing the intensity of attentional bias.To this end, a 2 (self-control level: high, low) ×2 (image type: image of high-calorie foods, image of low-calorie foods) mixed design was used in experiment 1. The image type was the within-subjects factor, and the self-control level was the between-subjects factor. The images (images of high-calorie foods, images of low-calorie foods and neutral images) were used as materials to explore the differences in attentional bias to food cues between high and low self controllers. In total of 60 participants (30 high self controllers, and 30 low self controllers) took part in the experiment 1. The materials were presented in the form of picture pairs, and the participants were required to respond to the detection points. The eye tracker recorded the orientation of the participants' first fixation, the time to first fixation, the first fixation duration and the total fixation duration. We found that participants with low self-control had a stronger attentional bias to high-calorie food cues. Specifically, participants with high self-control showed the attentional vigilance, early attentional maintenance, and general attentional avoidance in response to high-calorie food cues. Participants with low levels of self-control exhibited the attentional vigilance, early attentional maintenance, and general attentional maintenance. Attentional bias to high-calorie food cues may lead to irrational eating behaviors, so it is necessary to train attentional bias to high-calorie food cues in participants with low trait self-control. In experiment 2, a single factor experimental design was used. The images (images of high-calorie foods and images of low-calorie foods) were used as materials to explore the effect of attentional bias training on the intensity of attentional bias to food cues in participants with low self-control levels. In total of 30 participants (low trait self controllers) took part in the experiment. The results showed that the attentional bias training significantly reduced the first sight orientation, the first fixation duration and the total fixation duration of participants with low self-control level on high-calorie food cues. Besides, the detection speed was slowed down. Attentional bias training is an effective method to intervene the individual's attention bias to food clues. In conclusion, self-control trait affects the attentional bias of individuals to food cues, and the modified training mode of point detection task can effectively improve the attentional bias of participants to food clues. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effect of Cue Focality on Prospective Memory Maintenance and Retrieval: An Eye-tracking Study 2023, 46(1): 34-41.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1326KB) ( )   Prospective memory (PM) refers to the ability to remember to realize a delayed intention at a future time. The cognitive processes underlying PM have attracted a lot of research attentions. According to the Multiprocess Theory, PM can be realized through either automatic or strategic monitoring processes depending on a variety of factors. Focality of PM cues represents a critical factor that influences the type of processing recruited for PM retrieval. Specifically, the retrieval of intention occurs more spontaneously in focal PM tasks, whereas it relies more on strategic monitoring in nonfocal PM tasks. However, most of the previous studies drew conclusions based on PM cost (the longer reaction time of ongoing task when a PM task was embedded than ongoing task alone), the performance of PM trials was under represented. In the present study, we tested the Multiprocess Theory by embedding the PM task in a visual search task through the eye-tracking technique, we analyzed both the ongoing trials (representing PM monitoring) and PM trials (representing PM retrieval). Experiment One recruited 28 participants and their eye movements were recorded during the focal and nonfocal PM tasks. While performing the target searching task, participants have to remember to execute an intention (press the “space key”) based on either two specific words (each one occurred six times, this was the focal PM task) or twelve animal words (each cue occurred only once, this was the nonfocal PM task). For PM trials, the time from first fixation to response of PM cue served as an index of PM retrieval; while for ongoing trials, the total fixation counts of distracters reflected strategic monitoring. The repetition times of PM cue words were different between focal and nonfocal conditions in this experiment, so we conducted Experiment Two to control for potential confounding caused by this problem. In Experiment Two, all PM cues repeated the same times. Results of Experiment One indicated that the time to first fixation of PM cue (t(27) = -3.57, p = 0.006, Cohen’s d = -0.74) and the time from first fixation to response of PM cue (t(27) = -2.95, p = 0.001, Cohen’s d = -0.70) in the focal task were shorter relative to those in the nonfocal task, and the total fixation counts of distracters in the nonfocal task were more than those in the focal task (t(27) = 2.95, p = 0.007, Cohen’s d = 0.55). There was an increase in total fixation durations from distractors, M = 267.71 ms, to target hits, M = 305.87 ms, to PM hits, M = 407.81 ms, in the focal task. For the nonfocal task, there was no significant difference in total fixation durations between target hit (M = 302.01 ms) and distracters (M = 295.37 ms, p = 0.856). These results were also observed in Experiment Two, which further demonstrated the different underlying processing mechanisms between focal and nonfocal PM. Our study revealed that the focal and nonfocal PM involved different processes related to the monitoring and retrieval of PM intentions, which supported the Multiprocess Theory. Related Articles | Metrics

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The weight of morality: the weight-morality embodiment effect and the modulation effect of the metaphorical association 2023, 46(1): 42-49.  Abstract ( )   PDF (936KB) ( )   Previous studies of embodiment effects have suggested that these effects are directly induced by sensory-motor experience. However, this explanation overemphasizes the influence of body states and ignores modulation from any kind of cognitive factors, which limits the explanation of the boundary conditions and mediators of embodiment effects. One of the most well-known embodiment effects is caused by the sensation of weight. Many studies have found that the experience of weight can subconsciously impact complex cognitive activities. This study investigated the influence of weight experience on the processing of moral concept, that is the “weight-morality” embodiment effect, and especially focused on the modulation effect of the metaphorical association. A joint-classification response task was used to test the embodiment effect. The classification task included two blocks, and 80 trials in each block tested one joint-classification condition (i.e. "heavy-moral, light-immoral" vs. "light-moral, heavy-immoral" condition). In each trial, followed the fixation was a Chinese two-character word with moral or immoral valence, presented up to 3 seconds in the center of the monitor. Two identical computer mouse devices with different weights (70g vs. 200g) were used for participants to experience weight sensation and to classify the words, with the devices placed in their left and right hand respectively. Participants were required to accurately classify the moral words presented in the monitor as quickly as possible, clicking the light or the heavy mouse according to the instruction. There were breaks in each condition for the participants to exchange the mouse devices between their two hands and rest their arms. Event-related potential (ERP) data were collected and we focused on the late positive component (LPC), which has been found that the motivationally salient congruent trials elicit significantly larger LPC than do incongruent trials. In Experiment 1 (24 participants), the weight-morality embodiment effect was explored in the default metaphorical association condition (i.e., heavy-moral, light-immoral). In Experiment 2 (22 participants), the moral metaphor on the vertical dimension was activated before the task. Since it has been demonstrated that there were moral-up/immoral-down as well as light-up/heavy-down associations, the metaphorical association between weight sensation and moral concept might be changed into “light-up-moral /heavy-down-immoral”. By such manipulation, the modulation effect of the metaphorical association on the “weight-morality” embodiment was investigated. The results in Experiment 1 showed that the response time (RT) in the "heavy-moral, light-immoral" condition was significantly shorter, accompanied by a larger LPC than that in the "light-moral, heavy-immoral" condition. In Experiment 2, on account that the moral metaphor on vertical dimension was activated, the results showed a reversed pattern in relation to Experiment 1. Specifically, we found that the RT in the "light-moral, heavy-immoral" condition was significantly shorter than that in the "heavy-moral, light-immoral" condition, which was also accompanied by a larger LPC. Combined evidence in the two experiments indicated that the “weight-morality” embodiment effect was influenced by the metaphorical association. The larger LPC in the conditions congruent with the activated “weight-morality” association indicated that compared with the incongruent conditions, the “weight-morality” metaphorical association in the congruent condition was more salient and had a higher arousal level, which might promote the categorization response. In conclusion, results in this study indicated that the experience of weight could facilitate the processing of moral concepts, benefited from the metaphorical association of weight-morality, which guides and moderates the embodiment effect. This study suggested that the performance of the embodiment effects depends not only on the sensory-motor experience but also on the metaphorical associations primed in the embodiment process. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Ensemble Coding of Emotion in Facial Crowd and Its Influence Factors 2023, 46(1): 50-56.  Abstract ( )   PDF (371KB) ( )   The research on the ensemble coding of emotion in facial crowd originated from the discovery that the visual system can represent the low-level visual features averagely. Haberman and Whitney (2007) used the mean emotion discrimination task for the first time to reveal that the visual system can also make ensemble representation for high-level facial emotions in addition to the low-level visual stimuli. The experimental paradigms, methods of determining emotional units and emotional discrimination thresholds they used lay an important foundation for the future research. Since then, researchers have been trying to reveal the processing mechanism of ensemble coding of emotion in facial crowd by exploring the relationship with individual representation, the separation from the ensemble representation of low-level features and their neural activity characteristics. The results achieved are as follows: Although the ensemble coding has strong cross-domain stability, for different categories of group stimuli, the ensemble coding is domain specific. The process of ensemble coding may include not only automatic recognition of high-level facial stimuli and integration of emotional information, but also the calculation of low-level face features, which is regulated by attention resources. In addition, both ensemble representation and individual representation play a role in the process of extracting mean emotion, but the relationship between them changes dynamically between competition and coexistence. In terms of neural mechanism, Im et al. (2017) used fMRI to investigate whether there have been different brain mechanisms between ensemble coding of emotion in facial crowd and individual facial expression processing. The results showed that dorsal visual pathway is preferentially activated by the processing of crowd emotion. The activities of the intraparietal sulcus and superior frontal gyrus are more sensitive to crowd emotion perception, while the fusiform gyrus in the ventral visual pathway has more advantages in perceiving individual facial expression. However, because the experimental task is not a simple mean emotion discrimination task, which includes the social decision-making process, these results cannot exclude the influence of task goals and participants' intention. Therefore, it is necessary to accumulate a lot of research evidence to reveal the neural mechanism of the ensemble coding of emotion in facial crowd. In conclusion, facial expressions convey important information in social interaction. To understand the emotions of others or groups is an significant prerequisite for stimulating and adjusting social motivations as well as making decisions to pursue advantages and avoid disadvantages. If some faces appear in the form of a group, then the way we process them is different from that of an individual facial expression. When we identify emotion in facial crowd, the cognitive nervous system will automatically integrate the emotion information and extract the mean from it. This process is called ensemble coding. And it is influenced by some cognitive and social factors such as attentional resources, visual processing, social motivation, culture and gender. However, so far, no systematic model about its processing mechanism has been formed. In the future, eye movement technique, neuro-electrophysiology and brain imaging techniques should be used, combined with attention resources, visual working memory, facial local features, emotional valence and social cues to further expand the study of cognitive neural mechanisms and influencing factors. At the same time, people with cognitive and emotional disorders should also be concerned. In addition, the developmental trajectory of the ensemble encoding about facial expressions should be explored from a lifelong perspective, which will not only contribute to the enrichment and development of this basic research field, but also help to provide scientific basis for the diagnosis and treatment of cognitive and emotional disorders. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Influence of Daily Emotional Experiences on Self-Control: The Moderating Role of Conscious Effort 2023, 46(1): 57-64.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1171KB) ( )   Electronics are becoming the most popular entertainment tool for adolescents today, which warnings are issued both nationally and internationally about relying too much on electronic devices. The overuse of electronic devices by college students is intended to obtain rich variety of emotional experiences with minimal effort, and the overuse of electronic devices is a typical manifestation of their lack of self-control. In this context, this paper examines the influence of daily emotional experiences of college students on self-control by two closely related studies and further explores the conditions and mechanisms of this influence. Purpose: The purpose of Study 1 was to understand the current situation of daily emotional experiences of college students, such as the nature and source of daily emotional experiences, the level of conscious effort and the length of time of playing with electronic devices, etc.; In study 2, eligible subjects were chosen the basis of study 1. In addition, self-control variables were added in order to examine the effects of emotional experiences induced by different levels of conscious effort on college students' self-control. Methods: A questionnaire survey and experimental intervention were conducted among 300 college students from freshmen to juniors in Jiangsu province by cluster sampling method. Results: Study 1 found that the difference between positive and negative emotions experienced by college students in daily life was significant, and positive emotions were predominant. At the same time, the sources of emotional stimuli with low conscious effort were significantly more than those with high conscious effort, and the main sources of emotional experiences were not the same for boys and girls: boys' positive and negative emotional experiences were mainly derived from playing games and sports, while girls' were mostly derived from movies and videos, interpersonal relationships, etc. Study 2 found that the method of "conscious effort" successfully induced daily emotional experiences; the main effect of daily emotional experiences on self-control was not significant; conscious effort significantly and positively predicted self-control, and high levels of conscious effort played a positive moderating role in the relationship between daily emotional experiences and self-control. Conclusions: (1) College students' daily emotional experiences differed significantly and were dominated by positive emotional experiences, while the sources of emotional stimuli with low conscious effort were more than those with high conscious effort; (2) College students' daily emotional experiences did not have significant predictive effects on self-control, while conscious effort significantly and positively predicted self-control, and high levels of conscious effort played a moderating role in the relationship between daily emotional experiences and self-control. This research has important theoretical significance and practical value. On the practical level: Inducing emotional experience through conscious efforts not only provides a new path for emotional regulation, but also improves students' self-control behavior, which is more helpful to reduce students' dependence on mobile phones and internet addiction. On the theoretical level: First, the classification of promoting emotional experience, that is, emotional experience induced by conscious efforts or unconscious efforts; The second is to expand and deepen the theoretical model of "unconscious emotion"; Third, it is the first time to prove that "this happiness is different from that happiness", which will directly promote the study of the value field of emotion! Related Articles | Metrics

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A Longitudinal Study on the Cognitive Development of Children's Emotional Display Rules in Different Situations 2023, 46(1): 65-71.  Abstract ( )   PDF (750KB) ( )   The expression of human emotions is innate and accompanies the whole life. As we grow older, we may find that the emotions expressed by individuals are not necessarily the emotions of real experience, and the emotions of real experience are not necessarily willing to be expressed. This phenomenon can be explained by emotional expression/display rules. Emotional display rules guide individuals to regulate emotions and express appropriate emotions for a certain purpose under certain circumstances . Children with better cognitive ability in emotional display rules have better interpersonal communication ability, better social adaptability and higher social status. Many researchers have adopted a cross-sectional research to explore the cognitive development of children's emotional display rules, but have yet to yield consistent result. There may be two main reasons: first, the single-point feature of the cross-sectional research in the time dimension makes it inborn insufficiency in effectively inferring the causal relationship between the two phenomena and grasping the law of development and change of things, and it is prone to different results. And the longitudinal study can just make up for these two deficiencies. Second, existing studies have paid more attention to positive and negative emotional situations and less attention to specific situations. Therefore, this study explored the development of 60 children's cognition ability of emotion display rules in happy, amazing and fear situations for two years using a longitudinal study method, and examined the effects of emotional situation, gender and interpersonal background on their development. The results of the study found that: (1) children’s knowledge of emotional display rules, emotional expression goals, and emotional expression strategies all increase significantly with age; (2) young children often use masking strategy for self-protection in fear emotional situation, use masking and exaggeration strategies in amazing situation, and comprehensively use masking, weakening and exaggeration strategies in happy emotional situation; (3) Girls’ emotional display rules knowledge level, emotional expression goal level, especially social orientation goal, emotional expression strategy level, especially exaggeration strategy level are significantly higher than those of boys; (4) When the parents are present, the child has a higher level of knowledge of emotional display rules and the goal of emotional expression is more in line with social expectations; when a good friend is present, the child has a higher level of knowledge of emotional display rules in the fear situation, the emotional expression goals are more in line with social expectations and more calming strategies in happy and fear emotional situations; (5) The goal of emotional expression of 4~5 year old children is mainly for self-protection. The most used emotional expression strategy is the masking strategy, followed by the weakening and exaggeration strategy, and the calming strategy is the least used. Therefore, parents and teachers should teach young children to accept their own emotions, and on this basis, they should gradually learn to adjust and express their emotions in appropriate ways; parents and teachers should pay more attention to the emotional expression of boys, and encourage and guide boys to use appropriate ways to express their emotions; Parents should accompany their children with high quality, encourage them to interact more with their peers, and comprehensively use a variety of methods to promote the development of the cognitive ability of emotional display rules. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Own-Age Bias in Face Processing of Children with ASD 2023, 46(1): 72-81.  Abstract ( )   PDF (822KB) ( )   Purposes: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder. As a typical feature of children with autism, social disorder is of great clinical and practical value to study its social cognitive characteristics. A large number of studies have found that children with autism are specific to face processing, but they have not reached a consistent conclusion, which may be affected by the age of the faces of the materials. Normal individuals’ perception and memory of faces of the same age are better than those of different ages. This phenomenon is called own-age bias. Many studies have found that the normal population has the own-age bias, but the research on the own-age effect of ASD children are less. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the own-age bias of ASD children in the process of face processing (Experiment 1). Moreover, the study intends to explore the influence of emotion to the own-age bias (Experiment 2). Procedures: We used visual tracking technology to explore the effect of the own-age bias in face processing of children with ASD. Experiment 1 recruited 19 ASD children and 23 biologically age-matched TD children as subjects. By freely watching 12 pictures of neutral faces of the same age (Children face) and 12 pictures of other age(Adult face), the children with ASD were tested whether there is a own-age bias of face processing. Each picture was presented for 4s and there was a 1s central calibration point presented between the pictures; Experiment 2 recruited 22 ASD and 25 TD children matched with their biological ages, and detect the influence of emotions on the own-age bias of ASD children’s face processing by asking them to freely watch happy, angry, and fearful faces. There were 16 pictures of each type of emotional face, and faces of the same age and faces of different ages are equally divided. Results: Experiment 1 found that TD children had significantly more dwell time on faces of other age than those of the same age; on the contrary, ASD children had more dwell time on faces of the same age. Experiment 2 found that the dwell time of ASD children on faces of the same age under anger and fear was significantly longer than the face of other age; there was no significant difference in the dwell time of TD children under the three emotions on faces of the same age and the other age. Further analysis of the gaze situation of ASD children on the eye or mouth area under emotional faces, the result showed that ASD children have a stable own-age bias in the eye area, and the dwell time and fixation count on the eyes of the same age are significantly greater than those of different age faces. Conclusions: The results indicates that ASD children have an own-age bias on the gaze processing of a neutral face. Additionally, emotions will affect the own-age bias of ASD children's gaze on faces. This effect does not exist under happy emotions, but exists under anger and fear emotions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Time Perspective Traits and Implicit Preferences of Healthy Behavior Choice in Middle School Students: The Role of Episodic Future Thinking xiaohui yang Zhenhong -Wang 2023, 46(1): 82-89.  Abstract ( )   PDF (889KB) ( )   Health-related behaviors in adolescents are an important factor of morbidity and mortality. Previous studies have found that there is a close relationship between time perspective and choice preference for health behaviors, and there are differences between individuals with different trait of time perspective. The purpose of this study was to explore the implicit preferences of healthy behavior choice among middle school students with three types of time perceptive traits: present-hedonistic, present-fatalistic and future, and the role of episodic future thinking between different time perceptive trait and implicit preferences of healthy behavior choice. In this study, we used the classic IAT test to investigate the implicit preference of healthy behavior choice in middle school students. 184 subjects (mean age: 15.43±1.18 years) were selected through clustering analysis on the score of “Zimbardo Time Perspective Scale” that classified the subjects into three groups: The present-hedonistic (n=62), the present-fatalistic (n=61) and the future (n=61), then each group was divided into episodic future thinking group and none episodic future thinking group. Two factors analysis of variance were conducted for the data which the type of time perspective trait is one independent variable as the between-subjects factor measured by the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, and episodic future thinking level is another independent variable as a between subjects factor, which is operated by episodic future thinking task. The dependent variable is an indicator called D value that was computed by response time. The result showed that: (1) the main effect was significant on the time perspective traits that the implicit preference of healthy behavior choices of the middle school students with the trait of future time perspective higher than that of the middle school students with the trait of present-hedonistic and present-fatalistic time perspective. (2) The main effect of episodic future thinking level was significant that the implicit preference of healthy behavior choices of episodic future thinking group was significantly higher than that of the none episodic future thinking group. (3) Time perspective type and episodic future thinking level have an interaction effect on implicit preference of healthy behavior choice. It was suggested that episodic future thinking level plays a moderating role in the relationship between time perspective type and implicit preference of healthy behavior choice. Simple effect test results found that episodic future thinking significantly influenced the implicit preferences of healthy behavior choice in middle school students with present-hedonistic and future time perspective traits. However, it was not found the significant influence of episodic future thinking on the implicit preference of healthy behavior choice in middle school students with present-fatalistic time perspective. The findings of this study indicated that middle school students with future time perspective trait were more likely to choose positive health behaviors, and episodic future thinking could significantly promote the implicit preference of healthy behavior choice in middle school students with present-hedonistic and future time perspective traits. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Longitudinal Study of Self-esteem, Hope, and Depression Symptoms in Older Adults Dou JIN Baoshan Zhang Qing-Xiu DANG Heyating Zhang 2023, 46(1): 90-96.  Abstract ( )   PDF (759KB) ( )   At present, aging population has become a serious social problem in China. As a special group in society, older adults are prone to have depression symptoms due to their changing social status, deteriorating health and economic difficulties, which is detrimental to their physical and mental health. Depression symptoms are a risk factor for a variety common diseases in older adults and can lead to suicidal behavior. Individuals’ negative evaluation of themselves, such as the defective and worthless feelings, which is an important cause of depression symptoms. Self-esteem refers to positive or negative attitudes toward oneself. People with high levels of self-esteem have higher levels of self-identification, can think positively of themselves, and pay more attention to positive emotions, thus having fewer depression symptoms. Many cross-sectional studies have showed that self-esteem was negatively correlated with depression symptoms. Nonetheless, few studies have used longitudinal designs to explore the internal mechanisms between self-esteem and depression symptoms. What’s more, hope is proved to be an important variable closely related to self-esteem and depression symptoms, which may affect the relationship between self-esteem and depression symptoms. High levels of self-esteem can cultivate the confidence of individuals to deal with difficulties and solve problems, so that they can get satisfaction from success and promote the levels of hope. In addition, when individuals have a high levels of hope, they can not only conceptualize multiple ways to achieve their goals, but also find new ways to solve problems when faced with difficulties, thereby reducing the negative emotions and experiences brought about by depression symptoms. Nevertheless, the internal mechanisms between self-esteem, hope, and depression symptoms in older adults remains unknown. Based on these, the aim of this study is to test the relationship between the three variables of older adults. The current study used a longitudinal design to explore the mediating role of hope between self-esteem and depression symptoms. A total of 281 older adults in Xi 'an, Shaanxi province, were recruited, including 86 males and 195 females. All participants completed measure of self-esteem, hope, and depression at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months later. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS25.0 and Amos23.0. Correlation analyses showed that self-esteem and hope were significantly negatively correlated with depression symptoms in the older adults, while self-esteem and hope were significantly positively correlated with each other. Moreover, hope played a mediating role between self-esteem and depression symptoms. Specifically, self-esteem positively predicted hope after 6 months later, which further negatively predicted depression after 12 months later. This study has theoretical and practical significance. In theory, this study explores the longitudinal relationship among self-esteem, hope, and depression symptoms in the older adults and emphasizes the mediating role of hope. The findings complement and enrich previous studies that emphasized the direct role of self-esteem in depression symptoms, and reveal the positive role of hope in depression symptoms. In practice, the results of this study provide new ideas for alleviating the depression symptoms of older adults. Interventions aim at alleviating depression symptoms in older adults should pay attention to promoting their hope. Key words older adults, self-esteem, hope, depression symptoms Related Articles | Metrics

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How Centralization Influences Team Member Exchange: The Role of Task Interdependence and Team Performance Pressure 2023, 46(1): 97-104.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1117KB) ( )   Centralization refers to the degree to which decision making and authority are centralized at a formal team leader. Previous studies tested the effect of centralization on team performance; however, most of them focused on its cognitive processes and little attention has been paid to the interpersonal processes. Indeed, researchers have proposed that both cognitive and interpersonal processes have a great impact on team performance. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of centralization on team-member exchange (TMX), representing the quality of relationships among team members, which in turn influences team performance. We also propose and test the moderation roles of task interdependence and team performance pressure on the centralization—TMX linkage to get a better understanding of the boundary conditions of the effectiveness of centralization. We collected data from manufacturing companies located in Zhejiang Province. To reduce the concern of common method bias, we adopted a three-wave design with a one-month interval. At Time 1, we distributed survey questions to 523 employees from 110 work teams. Employees responded to the questions on centralization, task interdependence, team performance pressure and demographic variables. At Time 2, the 413 employees from 86 teams who completed the Time 1 survey were asked to respond to the questions on TMX. At Time 3, team leaders evaluated each team’s performance. The final sample consists of 328 employees from 72 teams. For the purpose of analysis, we aggregated the measures of centralization, task interdependence, team performance pressure and TMX to the group level. The results showed that both task interdependence and team performance pressure moderated the relationship between centralization and TMX. When task interdependence (team performance pressure) was low, centralization was negatively related to TMX, while this relationship became positive when task interdependence (team performance pressure) was high. Moreover, we conducted a moderated mediation analysis to test the integrative model. The results showed that both task interdependence and team performance pressure moderated the indirect relationship between centralization and team performance through TMX. The indirect effect of centralization on team performance via TMX was negative only when task interdependence (team performance pressure) was low. This study contributes to the literature in following ways. First, our study contributes to the centralization literature by examining its effect on TMX and exploring the boundary conditions involved. Unlike the relationship between leader and members theorized and tested in previous studies, our study reveals that centralization is likely to constrain the interaction among team members and destroy the quality of TMX, when task interdependence (team performance pressure) was low. Second, previous studies have suggested that centralization could either promote or inhibit team performance by exploring the cognitive processes (e.g., information process) underlying this linkage. In this sense, our study extends this line of research by demonstrating the importance role of TMX in translating the interactions of centralization and task interdependence and team performance pressure into team performance. Therefore, our study provides a new perspective to understand how and when centralization is related to team performance. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Impact of perceived inclusion on Employee Voice: Dual Path of psychological safety and sense of Social loafing 2023, 46(1): 105-112.  Abstract ( )   PDF (686KB) ( )   With the acceleration of economic globalization, the organizational environment of enterprises is undergoing changes, and employees' race, gender, age and other surface diversity Sex and deep diversity of values, interests, skills and job preferences become a prominent feature of the workplace. With the continuous deepening of diversity management research, the focus of research has shifted to inclusion. Perceived inclusion refers to an employment situation in which employees feel that they are (a) fairly implemented employment practices that ensure a level playing field in a work-unit; (b) involved in the mission and task of this unit with respect to their individual talents; and (c) required work together across roles, levels, and demographic boundaries to solve shared problems through participative decision making. Research on perceived inclusion has mainly focused on its positive attitudes and behavioral outcomes, such as organizational commitment and job satisfaction, in-role and extra-role performance. However, there is no research on the direct effect of perceived inclusion on employee voice behavior. Moreover, the mechanism of perceived inclusion on voice behavior is still unclear. In view of this, the present study proposed a parallel mediation model to uncover the underlying mechanism of the relationship between perceived inclusion and employee voice behavior. Drawing on social information processing theory, we hypothesized that perceived inclusion is indirectly related to voice behavior via psychological safety as well as perceived social loafing. To test our hypotheses, we collected a two-wave field data, one month apart from each other, the sample consists of employees from enterprise and public situation located in Xi’an and Guangdong province. Perceived inclusion and perceived loafing are collected in the first wave, and psychological safety and employee voice behavior are studied in the second wave. 816 employees and 331 leaders completed the two-wave survey. We applied bootstrap methods and multilevel structural equation modeling to analyze the data, and we adopted SPSS 21.0 and Mplus7.0 software to do the analysis. The result of data analysis showed that: (1) Perceived inclusion significantly and positively affected psychological safety but negatively affected perceived loafing, psychological safety significantly and positively affected voice behavior, and perceived loafing significantly and negatively affected voice behavior; (2) Psychological safety and perceived loafing both partially mediated the relationship between perceived inclusion and voice behavior. Overall, in order to achieve a systematic and comprehensive understand about perceived inclusion in voice behavior, this study developed a parallel mediation model to examine the underlying mechanism. Our findings were among the first to reveal the relationship between perceived inclusion and employee voice behavior, and to explore the psychological mechanism. Theoretical contributions in this study included several aspects: (a) By investigating the driving factors of employee voice behavior in organizations, our research filled the research gap of employee voice behavior in organization, but also expanded the direction of research on perceived inclusion; (b) By identifying the mediating role of psychological safety and perceived social loafing between the relationship with perceived inclusion and employee voice behavior, our research uncovered the in?uencing path of perceived inclusion on employee voice behavior. Related Articles | Metrics

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The impact of Perceived Social Mindfulness on Trust Repair: The Moderating Role of Social Distance and Temporal Distance 2023, 46(1): 113-120.  Abstract ( )   PDF (575KB) ( )   Trust exists in all social activities, it is an important cornerstone of the establishment, maintenance and development of social relations. However, trust is fragile, and the violation or damage of trust will bring a lot of negative consequences to individuals, groups and societies. Therefore, how to repair damaged trust has become “one of the most important but unsolved problems” in the field of trust. From the perspective of the time phase model of trust repair, previous studies mainly discussed the repair strategies and their effects after the occurrence of trust violation, while few studies explored the trust repair strategies before the occurrence of trust violation from the perspective of “prevention”. In order to explore whether social mindfulness can be a pre-strategy of trust repair and the boundary conditions of its repairing effect, this study used the Somi paradigm to manipulate the social mindfulness of violators, and used trust game paradigm to investigate the effect of perceived social mindfulness on trust repair and the moderating effects of social distance and temporal distance. The trust game paradigm and the Somi paradigm were presented through a computer program. The study consisted of three experiments. In experiment 1, a single-factor within-subject experiment design was used to explore the impact of perceived social mindfulness on trust repair. The results showed that perceived social mindfulness can promote the repair of damaged trust, and the effectiveness of trust repair was greater when trustor perceived high (vs. low) social mindfulness from violator. In experiment 2, 2(social distance: near/far) ×2(perceived social mindfulness: high/low) mixed experimental design was used to explore the impact of perceived social mindfulness on trust repair under different social distance. The results showed that social distance moderated the effect of perceived social mindfulness on trust repair, and the repairing effectiveness of perceived high social mindfulness was greater when the violator who was stranger. Experiment 3 used a mixed experimental design of 2(social distance: near/far) ×2(temporal distance: short/long) ×2(perceived social mindfulness: high/low) to explore the impact of perceived social mindfulness on trust repair under different social distances and temporal distances. This experiment not only reconfirmed the findings of the experiment 1 and 2, but also found that temporal distance moderated the effect of social distance and perceived social mindfulness on trust repair. Specifically, the repairing effectiveness of perceived high social mindfulness was greater when the violator who was stranger responded in one week, and when the violator who was friend responded in one year. Thus, the trustor perceived the social mindfulness of the violator before the occurrence of trust violation can repair the damaged trust to some extent, but the repairing effectiveness was moderated by social distance and temporal distance. These findings enriched the previous research on trust repair from the perspective of “pro-strategy”, and have some implications for future research on the pre-strategy of trust repair and the application of social mindfulness theory. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Influence of Need for Cognition and Need for Cognitive Closure on Foreign-Language Effect in Risk Decision-Making 2023, 46(1): 121-129.  Abstract ( )   PDF (855KB) ( )   Foreign-Language Effect refers to that individuals in foreign language background have lower risk decision bias than those in their native language background. Most of the studies on the factors affecting the Foreign-Language Effect focus on external factors and factors related to individual foreign language proficiency, while few studies explored the influence of cognitive style on the Foreign-Language Effect. Need for Cognition and Need for Cognitive Closure are 2 important factors affecting risky decision-making, which are closely related to each other. High Need for Cognition can promote individuals' motivation to seek information and improve the quality of decision-making, while high Need for Cognitive Closure tend to motivate individuals to adopt heuristic thinking to make decisions quickly because they cannot tolerate the ambiguity of the situation. This study aims to explore the joint effect of Need for Cognition and Need for Cognitive Closure on risky decision-making and Foreign-Language Effect. The present study employed 2 (language type: Chinese/English) ×2 (frame type: positive/negative) between-group design. We recruited 524 adults as participants and measured their Need for Cognition, Need for Cognitive Closure and risky decision-making tendency. Risky decision-making questionnaire includes four classic questions: Asian disease problem, mountaineering team problem, dancing party problem and economic investment problem. Need for Cognition were measured by the revised Chinese Version of Need for Cognition Scale, and Need for Cognitive Closure were measured by the Chinese version of the Need for Cognitive Closure Scale. All scales showed high internal consistency reliability and discriminant validity in the present study. The data were analyzed by hierarchical linear regression. The results show that, firstly, there existed Foreign-Language Effect in risky decision-making. Compared with the native language background, the Framing Effect is weakened in the foreign language background. Secondly, the triple interaction between Need for Cognition, Need for Cognitive Closure and language type on risky decision-making was significant. To be specific, for individuals who are low in both Need for Cognition and Need for Cognitive Closure and individuals who are high in both Need for Cognition and Need for Cognitive Closure, language type influenced their risky decision-making. They showed risk aversion in native language and risk seeking in foreign language. Due to the conflicting thinking ed by Need for Cognition and Need for Cognitive Closure, individuals had no obvious preference for heuristic or analytical thinking, and their final tendency for decision-making depended on the language environment. However, for individuals with different levels of Need for Cognition and Need for Cognitive Closure, language type has no significant effect on their risky decision-making. Compared with individuals with low Need for Cognition and high Need for Cognitive Closure, individuals with high Need for Cognition and low Need for Cognitive Closure have a stronger motivation to seek information and are more susceptible to emotional influences, and showed risk aversion in both foreign and native language environment. In sum, the present study confirms the existence of Foreign-Language Effect in risky decision-making, and provides further evidence for how cognitive style comprehensively influence risk decision-making. The results of this study indicated that Need for Cognition and Need for Cognitive Closure only affected risk decision making but not foreign language effect, suggesting that there are different internal mechanisms of loss aversion and framing effect, which need to be further investigated. It also has referential value for people to improve their decision quality. Related Articles | Metrics

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Intentional Emotional Contagion in the Perspective of Social Interaction 2023, 46(1): 130-136.  Abstract ( )   PDF (421KB) ( )   The birth of hyperscanning technique led to the evolution of social cognitive neuroscience from the observation of "single-brain" to the interaction of "multi-brain". The exploration of brain activity under natural situations has become a new research trend of social cognitive neuroscience. And more and more researchers began to pay attention to the inter-brain neural synchronization mechanism of emotional contagion in social interaction with the rise of hyperscanning technique. Different from primitive emotional contagion, intentional emotional contagion involves more cognitive resources. What’s more, the self-other representations of intentional emotional contagion are relatively separate. In this paper, we introduced two related theories and summarized three highly relevant literature of intentional emotional contagion in social interaction, and then, we proposed some future directions on intentional emotional contagion in social interaction. First, the Social Relations Model described three main variables in interpersonal communication: the sender, the receiver, and the social relationship between sender and receiver. The Self-Other Overlap theory showed us that higher levels of self-other overlap could promote our empathy for others’ emotions, enabling people to understand the intentions and emotional states of others in a timely and accurate manner. In this way, higher levels of self-other overlap could promote the effects of emotional contagion between two interacting individuals. Secondly, the paradigm of the three highly related papers used the “sender-receiver” communication mode. The senders tried to indulge themselves into their emotional situations and tried to share their emotional feelings with their partners. While the receiver tried to feel with the sender. Anders et al. (2011) and Smirnov et al. (2019) used fMRI pseudo-hyperscanning technique to explore intentional emotional contagion based on auditory channels. The pseudo-hyperscanning technique explored brain mechanisms in social interaction by recording one person's brain activity in advance and then having the other individual receive pre-recorded stimuli. Therefore, the information transmitted from receiver to sender was missing. While Kinoshita et al. (2019) conducted a real EEG hyperscanning study of intentional emotional contagion based on visual channels. The two participants in the same room interacted via the real-time video. However, this study was also not conducted in natural situations. And the results of the above research showed that inter-brain neural synchronization may be used as a neuromarker of intentional emotional contagion. Besides, the brain mechanism of intentional emotional contagion in social interaction mainly involved two nervous systems: mirror neuron system (MNS) and mentalizing system (MS). Thirdly, on account of the application of the “sender-receiver” communication mode in the field of intentional emotional contagion and the natural situation paradigm in other social cognitive neuroscience, we firstly propose that whether self-other overlap could also be used as the psychological mechanism for inter-brain neural synchronization of intentional emotional contagion. For future research, we can use natural situation paradigm to explore the influence of different social factors on intentional emotional contagion and its inter-brain neural synchronization. At the same time, we can also build a multimodal hyperscanning platform to carry out related research. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the relationship between voice behavior and political Behavior: Based on the mechanism of moral credential 2023, 46(1): 137-144.  Abstract ( )   PDF (810KB) ( )   When employees’ voice behavior does not get positive recognition, but instead, rejection or ostracism by others, will these employees do something detrimental to organization to compensate for their effort? Recommendations of researchers proposed that voice behavior is extra-role behavior beyond the formal job responsibilities, employees will think that their voice can benefit others and organization, and therefore it is morally praiseworthy, this moral perception could make employee produce moral license, that induce employee to make some behaviors that violate work norms and even harm the organization and colleagues around them. Accordingly, what situations employees encounter in the process of bringing forward voice will induce these employees who originally do good deeds to become selfish and negative through the moral licensing mechanism? Can other employees’ negative reactions to employees with voice induce their licensing mechanism? To answer the above questions, this study sorts out and summarize several research limitations related to voice behavior, moral license theory and the follow-up effects of voice behavior. First, Research on the possible negative effects of voice behavior on employees' work attitude and behavioral choice is less conducted. Second, there is a lack of studies on the follow-up effects after employees encounter negative reaction from others due to their voice towards organization and work process. Third, the boundary conditions under which moral licensing theory works are still unclear. Fourth, the research on the inhibitory conditions of moral license effect is ignored. Based on the moral credential mechanism of moral licensing theory, this research tested whether voice behavior under the condition of workplace ostracism would be associated with political behavior through the mediating role of psychological entitlement, which could reflect the theoretical characteristic of moral credential. Besides, based upon moral consistency mechanism towards moral licensing effect, this research investigated whether employee's felt responsibilityfor constructive change(FRCC) as an inhibitory moderator could makes the mediating role of psychological entitlement between voice behavior and political behavior no longer exist. This study adopts the supervisor-employee matching method to collect data at three time points, scored 555 effective employees questionnaires with 117 supervisor questionnaire. Through the hierarchical regression and bootstrapping method to test the causal relationship between variables, statistical analysis results show that: (1) only voice behavior at high levels of workplace ostracism situation can be associated with psychological entitlement, and in turn, affects subsequent employees’ political behavior. (2) At the condition where FRCC is high, voice behavior no longer has association with psychological entitlement. However, under the condition of low level FRCC, psychological entitlement still play the mediating role between voice behavior and political behavior. The main theoretical contributions of this study are as follows: First, it deepens the understanding of the follow-up effects of voice behavior, especially the negative follow-up effects. Second, taking workplace ostracism as a specific scenario, this study shows that negative cognitive state does occur after employees encounter negative external reactions due to their voice. Third, it responds to scholars' call for further clarifying specific boundary condition for the occurrence of moral credential effect. Finally, this study first explored what boundary condition can inhibit moral credential effect of voice behavior and found that FRCC could play such role. The main practical implications of this study are as follows. First, organizational managers must face up to the complexity and uncertainty of moral attribute transformation of employees' working behavior. Second, organizational managers should also strive to create a positive working atmosphere that is encouraging and inclusive of voice behavior. Third, organization’s managers should also strive to cultivate employees’ internal motivation and sense of responsibility in the performance of the moral working tasks. At the same time, managers should minimize the external motivation or utilitarian purpose that may exist in the process of employees engaging in moral working behaviors. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Influence of The Types of Voices on The Voice Endorsement: The Role of Face and Humor 2023, 46(1): 145-153.  Abstract ( )   PDF (884KB) ( )   Nowadays, organizations are paying more attention to voice behavior, which can help managers make high-quality decisions, promote the healthy growth and positive change of the organization, but the positive effects can only be exerted when the voices are endorsed. Although a large number of studies have explored the influencing factors of the recommendations, why managers adopt different suggestions and how employees can make suggestions to enable managers to better adopt which is not yet clear. It is particularly important to discuss the mechanism of voice from the perspective of face and humor in the perspective of Chinese cultural context. Based on the persuasion theory and the face theory, this study aimed to probe into the factors and mechanisms of managers' voice endorsement. Voice behavior can be regarded as a process of upward persuasion, perceived face threats by leaders and the ways of expression must be considered. Therefore, this study constructed a moderated mediation model to verify the mediating role of perceived face threat and the moderating role of humor. This paper conducted two studies to verify the hypothesis. Study 1 was conducted through the situational experiment after the improvement of humor scale with 357 participants einvestigated, the experimental situation between the 2 voice content (promotive vs. prohibitive) × 3 humor types (positive vs. negative vs. control group) was used. Preliminary explored the mediating role of perceiving face threats and the moderating role of humor types. In the second experiment, 505 employees in management positions were investigated through online questionnaire, SPSS 25.0 and the bootstrap technique were used to test our hypothese. The results of study 1 found that: the perceived face threat of leaders partially mediates the relationship between the types of voice (promotive/ prohibitive) and voice endorsement; the type of humor moderates the relationship between the types of voice (promotive/prohibitive) and the perceived face threat of leaders; compared with the negative and non-humorous expressions, positive humor suggestions can reduce the degree of perceived face threat of leaders and promote the endorsement of voice. The results of study 2 found that: compared with the prohibitive voice, leaders’ endorsement of the promotive voice is higher; the perceived face threat of leaders has a partial mediating effect; besides, the level of positive humor moderates the relationship between the types of voice (promotive/prohibitive) and the perceived face threat of leaders, the higher level of positive humor is, the lower level of face threat perceived, which in return promotes voice endorsement. This study contributes to the voice literature in multiple ways. First, our study enriches the theoretical contributions by clarifying the path from voice behavior to voice endorsement. Second, this study exployed the mechanism of voice behavior as well as voice endorsement. It broadens the research area on voice behavior from the perspective of "face" , which is a traditional element of Chinese culture.Third, this study also sheds light on the voice endorsement by identitying the moderating role of positive humor, which provides practical reference for both employees and organizations to manage voice behavior effectively. Therefore, this study also provides useful guidance for management practice. Related Articles | Metrics

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Good personality and moral need satisfaction: A cross-lagged study 2023, 46(1): 154-161.  Abstract ( )   PDF (760KB) ( )   Basic Psychological Needs, as a key concept in the field of personality and social psychology, has received lot of attention from scholars since it was proposed. Self-determination theory indicated people have needs to feel autonomous, competent, and related (ACR). However, in recent years, researchers have proposed a new concept of basic psychological needs - moral need, which refers to subjective feelings and experiences of one is moral. How do personality and moral needs interact with each other? Good personality provides an approach for answering the question. The concept of good personality was proposed in Chinese culture, it conducts an individuals’ inherent positive moral character, and reflects the light side of human nature. The current research was a longitudinal study examining the concurrent and prospective relation of good personality with moral need satisfaction. The present study was part of a more extensive project that was conducted to explore individuals’ personalities and values. Data were obtained through an online questionnaire survey platform called Creator of Data and Model and refer to three measurement waves, which were conducted in February, March, and July 2020. Demographic information and other variables were collected on the first wave (T1). Participants completed both the good personality and moral need satisfaction measures at T2 and T3. Each participant was presented with the informed consent form and debriefing statement and received RMB 10 as a reward for each survey wave completed. A total of 1,187 (681 males, Mage = 28.06, SD = 7.02) participants’ data were included in the analysis, and 968 participants were recruited in T3 (81.55% of T2 sample). Attrition analyses were conducted to examine whether there were systematic differences between the stayers and non-stayers. Results found significant education, age, and subjective social class. In contrast, there were no differences in gender, monthly income, baseline good personality, and moral need satisfaction. The full information maximum likelihood (FIML) estimation approach was used in this study. The results showed that rank-order stability was moderate for good personality (r = .69, p < .001) and moral need satisfaction (r = .57, p < .001). Good personality was significantly positively correlated with moral need satisfaction at the current period and the next period (ps < .001). Longitudinal cross-lagged analyses were conducted to examine the bidirectional relationships between good personality and moral need satisfaction in the structural model. The results indicated that all cross-lagged pathways were significant. The association between good personality and moral need satisfaction was bidirectional, after adjusting for respective autoregressive effects, autonomy, relatedness, competence need satisfactions and demographic influences. Specifically, current good personality levels were positively predicted future moral need satisfaction levels at adjacent time points, and vice versa (βT2good personality→T3moral need satisfaction = .24, SE = .03，p < .001; βT2moral need satisfaction→T3good personality = .10，SE = .03，p = .003). In sum, the results suggested good personality and moral need satisfaction were mutually reinforcing, a higher level of good personality positively predicted increased moral need satisfaction, and a higher level of moral need satisfaction was associated with increased good personality. This study provided evidence with regard to morality as a basic psychological need in the Chinese cultural background, which promoted the generalization of the concept of moral need and expanded theories related to basic psychological need satisfaction. In addition, the study found the role of moral need satisfaction in promoting good personality, which also provided the theoretical basis for the development of good personality and the construction of civic morality. Related Articles | Metrics

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We are all “corporate slaves”: Working objectification Zi-Fei LI Lei CHENG Wang fang 2023, 46(1): 162-169.  Abstract ( )   PDF (592KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Antecedents and intervention strategies of self-concept clarity： A new perspective from three facets of self-concept structural integration 2023, 46(1): 170-180.  Abstract ( )   PDF (815KB) ( )   Self-concept clarity refers to the extent to which the contents of an individual’s self-concept are clearly and confidently defined, internally consistent, and temporally stable. Self-concept clarity influences the quality of our lives from many aspects (e.g. aggression, the use of products as identity bolsters, the management of social conflict, depression, suicide behavior, and so on). Compare to its broad and significant influences, we know little about how to achieve self-concept clarity efficiently because little work has been done to put various antecedents of self-concept clarity into an integrated theoretical framework. Inspired by that self-concept clarity in nature is a metacognitive feeling related to the structural coherence of self-concept, the present article provides a new theoretical framework of self-concept clarity from the perspective of self-concept structural integration. The theoretical framework is helpful to solve the theoretical and practical dilemmas of self-concept clarity. The present review firstly deconstructed the structural integration of self-concept into three facets: the abstract integration of concrete experiences, the synchronic integration across situations, and the diachronic integration across temporal periods. Then, the present review analyzed and recommended integrating principles for each facet: generalizing and integrating principles for the abstract integration, compatibility for the synchronic integration, and continuity for the diachronic integration. Based on these analyses, we proposed some strategies to improve self-concept clarity using the integrating principles. The present review also proposed several strategies to improve self-concept clarity based on these integrating principles of the three structural integrating facets. We reviewed related and pertinent research providing initial evidence for these integrating principles. Moreover, by sketching the three facets of self-concept structural integration, the review sorted out the environmental factors and personal factors that may hinder the integrating principles and illustrated why these factors would influence self-concept clarity. From the environmental aspect, adverse experiences in disadvantaged situations (e.g. low socioeconomic status, family disharmony adverse, and adverse childhood experiences), situational conflicts (e.g. value conflicts, role conflicts, and cultural conflicts), and situational changes (e.g. role exists, break-ups) may cause a lower level of self-concept clarity. From the personal aspect, the valence of self-concept elements (e.g. low self-esteem), contingencies of self-concept elements(e.g. intrinsic contingent self-esteem), and the objectively organized structure of self-concept elements (e.g. integrational self-concept) are all related to self-concept clarity. By deconstructing self-concept structural integration into three facets and sketching the integrating principles for each facet, the present review proposed a new theoretical framework for understanding and improving self-concept clarity. Research on how self-concept clarity could be influenced and on how to conduct interventions on self-concept clarity is still an emerging field. This new structural integrating perspective provides a network of novel hypotheses. Although this review provides initial evidence for the causal paths we proposed, many theoretical assumptions still need to be appropriately and sufficiently tested. That is, this review may stimulate a fruitful branch of research in theoretical and applied fields related to self-concept clarity. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effects of Power and Feedback on Emotions in Social Interactions 2023, 46(1): 181-188.  Abstract ( )   PDF (814KB) ( )   Power refers to the potential ability of an individual to influence and control others (Guinote, 2017). The relationship between power and emotions has been a controversial research topic. The prevailing perspective based on Keltner et al.’s (2003) approach/inhibition theory argues that high/low power triggers positive/negative emotions, respectively (Bombari et al., 2017; Van Kleef & Lange, 2020). However, some studies did not find an effect of power on emotions (Hadar et al., 2019; Jia et al., 2018). These inconsistent results suggest that the relationship between power and emotions may be moderated by other factors. The influence of power on emotions is apparent during some conditions, but not so much in others. In daily life, an individual’s power and emotions vary according to different social interactions. Feedback is a core aspect of social interactions (Rappaport & Barch, 2020). Past research demonstrated that positive (vs. negative) feedback elevates mood (Belschak & Den Hartog, 2009). According to the power-control theory and social distance theory, high- and low-power individuals differ in their possession of valuable resources, interdependence, and social distance toward others (Fiske, 1993; Magee & Smith, 2013), which may lead to social feedback (positive vs. negative) having different importance and meaning for them. Feedback may have a greater influence on low-power (vs. high-power) individuals. Based on this claim, we propose that power and feedback jointly influence emotions. This study examines the effects of power and feedback on emotions in social interactions. Study 1 employed the experience sampling method and collected data on the social interactions of 140 individuals, three times a day for five days. In total, participants reported 1706 social interactions in which they received social feedback from others. For each incident of social interaction, participants’ power perception, feedback from others, and their emotions were assessed. A multilevel model was then tested. Study 2 used a 2 (power: high vs. low) × 2 (feedback: positive vs. negative) between-subject experimental design to examine the influences of power and feedback on emotions. Power and feedback were first manipulated via a recalling task, and then participants’ emotions were measured. A total of 148 participants participated in this study. Both studies showed an interaction between power and feedback: (1) In situations where the participants had low (vs. high) power, feedback influenced their emotions, showing that positive (vs. negative) feedback elevated positive emotions; (2) In positive feedback situations, power did not affect participants’ emotions. Whereas, in negative feedback situations, power increased participants’ positive emotions. This study has several contributions. First, it clarifies the inconsistent findings of previous research on the relationship between power and emotions. We show that the effects of power on emotions depend on social interactions involving positive and negative feedback. Second, this study expands the range of power effects explained by the power-control theory and social distance theory. We suggest that the asymmetry of control over resources, social distance, and interdependence explains why power and feedback jointly affect emotions. Third, our study reveals how evaluation-related factors (social feedback) moderates the relationship between low power and emotions, which deepens the understanding of the boundary conditions for low-power effects explained by the approach/inhibition theory of power. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Hazard Types on Bus Drivers' Hazard Perception Long SUN 2023, 46(1): 189-195.  Abstract ( )   PDF (548KB) ( )   Statistics shows that more than 80% of traffic accidents are caused by the driver’s own driving ability. Among the many driving abilities, hazard perception is closely related to traffic accidents. Hazard perception refers to the ability of the driver to detect potential hazards in advance, assess the risk level of hazards, and decide whether a respond is needed. Numerous studies have found that experience-related advantage in hazard detection and response. Furthermore, driver’s response time to the hazards varied with hazard types. For example, compared with experienced drivers, novice drivers have shorter response times to overt hazards than covert hazards. However, previous studies mainly focused on private car drivers’ hazard perception ability, no studies revealed the characteristics of bus drivers’ hazard perception under different hazard types. On the other hand, driving style may also affect the driver’s ability to search and detect road hazards. However, previous studies neither examined the potential impact of driving style on hazard perception nor controlled driving style when conducting researches on hazard perception. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of hazard types on Chinese bus drivers’ hazard perception by manipulating the visibility of hazards in the test clips and controlling the driving style. A 2×2 mixed experiment design was employed with traffic violations (accidents) as the between-group factor and hazard types as the within-group factor. One hundred and forty bus drivers (42 drivers with traffic violations and 98 bus drivers without traffic violations) agreed to participate in this study and completed a demographic questionnaire, Chinese version of the Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory Scale and a validated hazard perception test. The hazard perception test required the participants to quickly press the button to respond after identifying a hazard in each video clip. Eighteen video clips of real traffic situations were used in the present study, two of which were practice video clips, and the other sixteen were formal test video clips. The hazards in the video clips were classified into covert hazards and overt hazards according to the visibility of the hazards. The results showed that the response time of drivers without traffic violations to covert and overt hazards was shorter than that of drivers with traffic violations. The response time of two driver groups to overt hazards was shorter than that of covert hazards. Similar pattern in response time was also found in bus drivers with and without traffic accidents. Furthermore, after controlling driving style, the difference in response time between drivers with and without traffic violations (accidents) still existed, but the effect of the hazard type was no longer significant. The present study was the first to investigate the characteristics of Chinese bus drivers’ hazard perception. This study not only revealed the influences of hazard type on hazard perception of bus drivers with or without traffic violations/accidents, but also preliminarily confirmed that driving style had a potential impact on drivers’ response to hazards. These findings provided a new theoretical framework for explaining “why bus drivers take a long time to respond to certain types of hazards”, which was of great significance for the development of interventions for bus drivers who were prone to traffic violations or accidents in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the influence and mechanism of social crowding on consumers’ sensory stimulation preference 2023, 46(1): 196-202.  Abstract ( )   PDF (496KB) ( )   Social crowding is everywhere. Although many empirical studies on social crowding have been carried out, there is no research to explore social crowding from a sensory perspective. This paper argues that social crowding increases consumers' preference for strong (vs. weak) sensory stimulation (hypothesis 1), and this effect is driven by perceived loss of control (hypothesis 2). In addition, this study also proposes that the influence of social crowding on consumers' sensory stimulation preference is moderated by the sense of power (hypothesis 3). In order to verify the above hypotheses, 3 experiments were carried out in this paper. The purpose of experiment 1 (N = 125) was to examine hypothesis 1. Experiments adopted social crowding (crowded group vs. non-crowded group) single-factor between-subjects design. The purpose of experiment 2 (N = 223) was to examine hypothesis 2. This experiment also adopted social crowding (crowded group vs. non-crowded group) single-factor between-subjects design. The purpose of experiment 3 (N = 193) was to examine hypothesis 3. This experiment was a 2 (social crowding: crowded group vs. non-crowded group) × 2 (sense of power: high vs. low) between-subjects factorial design. The results of experiment 1 found that social crowding increased consumers' preference for intense sensory stimulation compared to non-crowding (M crowded = 5.70 vs. M uncrowded = 5.15，F(1，120) = 4.46，p = 0.037，η2 = 0.02 ). Hypothesis 1 has been verified. Experiment 2 not only found that social crowding increased consumers' preference for sensory stimulation (M crowded = 4.23 vs. M uncrowded = 3.76，t(221) = -2.09，p = 0.038，Cohen’s d = 0.28), It is also found that this effect is driven by perceived loss of control (LLCI = -0.60，ULCI = -0.03), in other words, social crowding will reduce the sense of control, leading to individuals seeking for strong sensory stimulation to restore the sense of control. Hypothesis 2 is verified. The results of experiment 3 show that the main effect of social crowding on consumers' sensory stimulation preference is still significant (M crowded = 3.58 vs. M uncrowded = 3.04，t(191) = -1.99，p = 0.048，Cohen’s d = 0.29), and the sense of power can moderate the main effect of this paper(F(1，189) = 8.20，p = 0.005，η2 = 0.04). For high-power individuals, social crowding will increase consumers' preference for intense sensory stimulation (M crowded = 4.06 vs. M uncrowded = 2.75，F(1，189) = 11.93，p = 0.001); for low-power individuals, the effect disappears(M crowded = 3.10 vs. M uncrowded = 3.33，F(1，189) = 0.35，p = 0.557). Theoretically, this study found that social crowding increases consumers' preference for strong sensory stimulation, and perceived loss of control plays a mediating role in this effect. This builds a bridge for the independent research of social crowding and sensory stimulation preferences. The construction of this bridge provides new antecedent variables for sensory stimulation preferences and new outcome variables for social crowding. At the same time, this paper also makes a contribution to the literature of the sense of power. In practice, this study has a certain reference value for companies to formulate marketing strategies, such as the need to consider the crowdedness of consumers' environment when recommending products to consumers. Related Articles | Metrics

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Association between Parenting and Early Adolescents’ Depression: The Moderating Effects of Cumulative Gene Scores and Negative Life Events 2023, 46(1): 203-211.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1151KB) ( )   Depression is a widespread emotional disorder and mental health problem worldwide, and it is also one of the main causes of the burden of disease and disability. Early adolescence is a critical period for depression onset. According to ecological system theory, parenting as an important family factor, is significantly associated with depression. However, it is well-known that not all individuals who have experienced high levels of negative parenting or low levels of positive parenting would suffer from depression. Behavioral genetics studies have shown that COMT gene, 5-HTR1A gene and BDNF gene are important candidate genes for depression. Negative life events have also been indicated to play a key role in depression development. Additionally, developmental contextualism holds that an individual’s development is affected by the interaction of different situations in which it is located. However, it is unclear whether negative life events can co-moderate parenting with polygenes on early adolescent depression. Furthermore, extensive studies have demonstrated that there are gender differences in the interaction of genes and environment on depression. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the moderating role of cumulative genes score (CGS) and negative life events on the association between parenting and early adolescent depression, and its possible gender difference. Participants were 745 adolescents (Mage = 13.36 years, male = 53.29%) from Grades 7 to 9. The adolescent depression, parenting and negative life events were assessed using Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scales (CES-D), parenting questionnaire and adolescent life events scale, respectively. All measures showed good reliability. DNA was extracted from saliva. Genotypes at Val158Met polymorphism, C-1019G polymorphism and Val66Met polymorphism were performed for each participant with MassARRAY RT software version 3.0.0.4 and analyzed using the MassARRAY Typer software version 3.4 (Sequenom). A series of hierarchical regressions were conducted to test the three-way interactions among cumulative gene scores of three polymorphisms, parenting and negative life events on depressive symptoms, separately for male and female adolescents. The Benjamini-Hochberg program (1995) was used to correct the significance of the regression analysis results to reduce the incidence of type I errors. The results revealed that there was a significant association between parenting and depression. That is, adolescents exhibited more depression when exposed to higher negative parenting or lower positive parenting. Besides, the cumulative gene scores and negative life events could significantly moderate the effect of paternal positive parenting on adolescent depression, but this moderating effect only existed in male adolescents. Specifically, among male adolescents who experienced more negative life events and carried more plasticity alleles, the paternal positive parenting could negatively predict adolescent depression, whereas such association was not observed among their counterparts. Additionally, the findings indicated that both negative parenting and maternal positive parenting had no significant interactions with cumulative gene scores and negative life events. In summary, the results of our investigation indicated that polygenes and negative life events could moderate the effect of parenting on early adolescent depression, and there was a gender difference in the moderating effect. Our findings highlight the importance of considering multiple genes and multiple environments when examining the underlying mechanism of early adolescent depression, and also provide important implications for the personalized intervention of adolescent depression. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Analyses of Multilevel Moderated Mediation Model Jie Fang Zhong-Lin WEN 2023, 46(1): 221-229.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1206KB) ( )   In recent years, multilevel mediation and multilevel moderation have been frequently used in social sciences, respectively. However, if they are integrated together, there are totally 12 kinds of multilevel moderated mediation models: 2 (multilevel mediation type) ×2 (level of moderator) ×3 (moderated mediation path). First, there are two types of multilevel mediation when two-level data is involved. One type is 1-1-1 multilevel mediation in which all variables are measured at Level 1, and the model includes between-cluster and within-cluster mediating effects. The other type has at least one variable at Level 2 (e.g., 2-1-1 multilevel mediation), and the model includes between-cluster mediating effect only. Second, there are two types of moderators. One is the moderator at Level 1, and the other is the moderator at Level 2. Third, there are three types of moderated paths: the first-stage (i.e., independent variable→mediator), the second-stage (i.e., mediator→dependent variable) and the dual-stage, which includes the paths of the two stages. All of the above-mentioned multilevel moderated mediation models are briefed in this paper, so that empirical researchers could know which kind of multilevel moderated mediation model meets their need and how to analyze it. It is worth noting that all predict variables of Level 1 are centered at the cluster mean, and then observed cluster mean is used as a Level-2 predictor. In this way, the effect of the predict variable of Level 1 can be divided into within-cluster and between-cluster effects. However, using observed cluster means as the proxy of the true cluster mean might result in a bias of mediating effect, and a multilevel structural equation model (MSEM) is more precise. In MSEM, a variable measured at Level 1 is orthogonally decomposed into a Level-1 latent variable and a Level-2 latent variable. There are four methods with regard to modeling moderated mediation in MSEM: the orthogonal partition (OP) method，random coefficient prediction (RCP) method，latent moderated structural (LMS) equations method, and Bayesian plausible values (BPV) method. The core issue of these four methods is how to deal with the latent interaction term. In the OP method, the interaction term is manually calculated. In the RCP method, the random slope at Level 1 is considered a latent variable at Level 2, and the latent variable is used as an outcome variable to test the interaction effect. In the LMS method, the joint distribution of the indicators is approximated by a finite mixture distribution, and the expectation maximization algorithm is applied to maximization of the log-likelihood function of this distribution, which results in maximum likelihood interaction estimates. In BPV method, the key to this estimation is that it allows generating a Bayesian analog of factor scores for latent variables by sampling from their posterior distribution some number of times. When the sample size is large enough (i.e., the number of groups is over 200 and the group size is over 30), LMS method is recommended to analyze the multilevel moderated mediation; otherwise, Bayesian plausible values method is preferred. An empirical example is employed to demonstrate how to conduct multilevel moderated mediation analysis with multilevel models and BPV method by Mplus. Related Articles | Metrics

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Positive Psychology intervention on postgraduate students based on WeChat Social Network platform Xin-Rui WANG 2023, 46(1): 230-237.  Abstract ( )   PDF (606KB) ( )   Background: TGT (three good things) exercise is one of the positive psychological interventions. Previous studies found that recording three happy things with their reasons every day can effectively reduce the symptoms of depression, improve the level of well-being and mental health. It has been found that college students (especially postgraduate students) have a high level of anxiety and depression. In addition, the intervention method of combining TGT practice with social network (QQ group) helps to improve the mental health of HIV-infected patients. Objective: In order to examine the intervention effect of TGT exercise on postgraduate students, and to test whether the "three good things" exercise based on Wechat social platform can improve postgraduate students’well-being. The study explored the effect of TGT from quantitative and qualitative aspects. Methods: In this study, three groups of designs were adopted: the TGT group, the TGT-SN group (social network three good things, TGT-SN; complete the three good things exercise through the WeChat platform) and the control group (no practice, the WeChat administrator posted the psychology related materials). 232 postgraduate students were recruited from a university in Beijing. Participants voluntarily chose to join three groups (133 in TGT-SN group, 53 in TGT group, and 46 in control group). The TGT intervention lasted forty days, and participants’ well-being, depression, interpersonal relationship, and intervention quality were evaluated before intervention, after intervention immediately, and one month after the intervention. Results: The 40-day intervention was completed by only 150 participants (TGT-SN group 77, TGT group 40, control group 33). The loss of subjects was large and the compliance rate was low. Even if the participants knew that TGT exercise was beneficial to the body and mind and voluntarily participated in TGT exercise, they were still lack of motivation and difficult to adhere to it. The results showed that there was only a continuous improvement in depression scores (F (2, 125) = 3.20, p = .01, partial η 2= .05), but no positive effects were found in well-being, life satisfaction, positive emotion, and interpersonal relationship scores. Combined with the quality evaluation of the intervention effect, the subjects reported that the TGT exercise is effective, and that Wechat is suitable as a mental health intervention platform.They also prefer to choose TGT intervention exercise based on Wechat social platform, which can increase the motivation of practice. The reason why the effect of TGT exercise is not significant might be due to the multiple effects of research design, external emotional events, cultural differences and so on, and frequent daily practice will only increase the burden and reduce the exercise execution, and exercise three times a week is more beneficial to the practice effect. Conclusion: People can benefit from readily available, simple, well-being-enhancing interventions, so that future research needs to improve the TGT practice procedure to overcome the problem of people's own executive ability (knowing good but not doing). Related Articles | Metrics

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Health Information Avoidance：Influencing Factors of and Theoretical Explanation 2023, 46(1): 238-244.  Abstract ( )   PDF (396KB) ( )   This study reviews the concept, research paradigms and influencing factors of health information avoidance, and summarizes three theories to explain the reasons of health information avoidance. Health information avoidance refers to the behavior of consciously prevent or delay the acquisition of available health information, which has an important impact on the prevention and treatment of diseases. Questionnaire and Virtual Disease Paradigm are the two research methods commonly used to examine health information avoidance. In the fields of psychology, journalism and communication, preventive medicine, loads of researchers have explored the factors that induce individuals to avoid health information. This paper reviewed the effects of individual factors, social factors and information factors on health information avoidance respectively. Individual factors refer to the personal characteristics or attributes, including health cognitive beliefs and perceived control. Social factors refer to people's perception of the outside world and the influence of specific cultural and social background, including objective and subjective social support and socioeconomic status. Information factor refers to the representation and quantity of information, the severity of Health Information and information overload will have an impact on health information avoidance. This study reviews the concept, research paradigms and influencing factors of health information avoidance, and summarizes three theories to explain the reasons of health information avoidance. Health information avoidance refers to the behavior of consciously prevent or delay the acquisition of available health information, which has an important impact on the prevention and treatment of diseases. Questionnaire and Virtual Disease Paradigm are the two research methods commonly used to examine health information avoidance. In the fields of psychology, journalism and communication, preventive medicine, loads of researchers have explored the factors that induce individuals to avoid health information. This paper reviewed the effects of individual factors, social factors and information factors on health information avoidance respectively. Individual factors refer to the personal characteristics or attributes, including health cognitive beliefs and perceived control. Social factors refer to people's perception of the outside world and the influence of specific cultural and social background, including objective and subjective social support and socioeconomic status. Information factor refers to the representation and quantity of information, the content of Health Information and information overload will have an impact on health information avoidance. Currently there are three theories that account for health information avoidance, namely perceived risk theory, information processing and decision-making system theory and resource model of threat management. The perceived risk theory regards health information as a kind of risk information, and assumes that risk perception of expected consequences and emotions is positively correlated with health information avoidance. The information processing and decision-making system theory assumes that individuals in the information processing will use the cold, hot system for processing, health information avoidance is the result of the dominance processing of hot system. Hot system can activate the brain area related to emotion, and make the individual carry out fear control, avoiding health information. The resource model of threat management explains the reasons of health information avoidance from the resource perspective, it regards health information avoidance as a kind of threat information. Threat management resource is a kind of cognitive resource, which consists of personal and interpersonal threat management resource. When the threat management resource is sufficient, the individual can deal with the health information, when the threat management resource is insufficient, individuals react defensively, avoiding health information. Future research is expected to give more attention to the classified study of health information avoidance, at the same time expand the research scope of health information avoidance, for example, pay attention to mental health information avoidance, and put forward the localization health information avoidance intervention program according to the situation of our country and so on. Related Articles | Metrics

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The psychological mechanism of implicit impression updating wen fangfang BIN ZUO 2023, 46(1): 245-252.  Abstract ( )   PDF (354KB) ( )   Impression updating, as a dynamic process being focused on recently, makes it accessible to the change in first impression and meticulously affect interpersonal relationship, social attitudes, decision-making, and personal judgment. This article gives a comprehensive review of literature on theoretical process of impression updating in terms of discrepancies between explicit and implicit cognitive process, impacts of essential information elements on impression updating and its neural basis. Five illuminating findings were obtained: (1) Current theories tried explaining differences between implicit and explicit impression updating from the perspectives of multiple memory system and information processing. Dual-process model suggests that implicit and explicit evaluations are generated by two different psychological processes. Single-process model holds that implicit evaluation is the product of multiple interacting systems, each of which has its own characteristics of acquisition and disappearance. On the whole, the theories explaining contrasts between implicit and explicit impression updating remain to be uncovered in the future. (2) The existence of implicit impression updating is volatile, with essential information elements playing an important role in the process of implicit impression updating. However, how does information diagnosis in terms of different intensity, credibility, reinterpretation and attribution, affect processing rate, persistence and stability of implicit impression updating are still unclear. Besides, expected consistency with stereotype may also impact implicit impression updating. (3) Implicit impression updating varies in perceived dimension and content. As for perceived dimension, morality outweighs competence and warmth in impression updating. Considering content, salience and valence of cues can cause impression updating bias. Emotional and motivational factors such as social distance, perceiver group identity and relationship maintenance also have an impact on implicit impression updating. However, more systematic and comprehensive theories are needed to explain conflicts among current findings. (4) It is future trend to study implicit impression updating using various novel paradigms, such as exploring the neural basis of impression updating in combination with cognitive neuroscience technology, and utilizing dynamic measures of impression, such as reinforcement learning task paradigm, with the help of computer technology. (5) It is necessary to give cross-culture studies on the explicit and implicit impression updating under individual and group levels, and extend antecedents and aftereffects of impression updating, so as to strengthen the cross-cultural comparative research on impression updating. Related Articles | Metrics