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    20 September 2011, Volume 34 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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    Feature similarity and category labels on inductive reasoning
    2011, 34(5): 1026-1032. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (696KB) ( )  

    There are two kinds of theories in inductive reasoning: Similarity-Coverage Model (SCM, Osherson 1990) and Feature-Based Induction Model (FBIM, Sloman 1993). Two kinds of the models are based on the similarity between the base premise and the target premise. SCM model of induction is driven by two related notions: similarity and coverage and also assumes that judgments may be partially based on the similarity of the premise category to examples of the lowest level super-ordinate category that spans the premise and conclusion categories. Although parts of researchers think that FBIM relies on the notions of (feature) coverage, the central idea is that the similarity is driven by matching and mismatching features and that an argument is strong to the extent that the premise and conclusion categories share features. A distinctive property of FBIM is that it does not use category information in the sense that it does not consider different levels of categorization. Instead, it assumes that all categories are represented in terms of features and that strength of argument is based on feature overlap. Some researches suggest that category label is just a specific feature of a item. Some find that category labels can be viewed as an integrator of information. This paper is focus on whether upper- level category information affects the inductive intension. By creating a story-reading paradigm, we use category label to control upper-level category information to study effect of category labels, further we explore the category information which is activated initiatively or passively. Three experiments are used to investigate the influence of feature similarity, category labels and uncertain category labels to inductive tension respectively. We adopt One-Way-Within-Subjects design to implement three experiments. Experiment 1 shows that people tend to choose feature of high similarity between base premise and target premise in experiment. The result consists with account of SCM and FBIM. Experiment 2 shows that people tend to choose feature of category labels not feature of high similarity. It suggests that category label is not a specific feature of an item. Experiment 3 shows that category information is activated initiatively. Even though replaced by uncertain labels, people still tend to choose feature of category labels same as in experiment 2. Above results demonstrate that category label tends to play an important role on inductive reasoning. Combining previous researches, we hypothesize that inductive intension relies on two quantities: one is feature similarity, another is categorization probability.

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    Research on influential factors of lexical phonological learning
    zhu wang
    2011, 34(5): 1033-1039. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (681KB) ( )  

    Abstract: Which factors influence lexical phonological learning is one of critical issues in psycholinguistics. The phonological loop theory suggested that phonological short-term memory played a key role during the process of lexical phonological learning, the better the ability of PSTM is, the more effective lexical learning becomes. Phonological sensitivity hypothesis claimed phonological awareness was an important factor to affect children’s lexical growth and learning. Furthermore, some researchers indicated that phonological knowledge had probably had a more essential and critical influence on lexical learning. Recent studies emphasized how the interaction of these factors to affect lexical phonological learning. At last, some questions which need further study in this field were put forward.

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    The Psychological Mechanisms of Subliminal Priming
    2011, 34(5): 1040-1044. 
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    Because of restricted by methods and criterion, subliminal priming is still disputed. Now the focus of subliminal priming is its mechanisms. Subliminal response priming has been considered to operate on several stages, e.g. perceptual, central or motor stages might be affected. At the same times, subliminal priming effects are affected by the temporal predictability of a stimulus onset. To account for these contradictory results, Kiesel A. et al. proposed a two-process model, but we still can’t draw a conclusion.

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    The Tie Effect in Mental Arithmetic
    2011, 34(5): 1045-1050. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (489KB) ( )  

    This article is to review the tie effect in simple arithmetic. Tie effect means that simple arithmetic problems with repeated operands(i.e., ties such as 3+3,4×4) are solved more quickly and accurately than similar nontie problems(e.g., 3+4,4×5). Furthermore, problem size and tie effects interact, such that latencies on both ties and nonties increase with problem size, but the increase is much greater on nonties than on ties. There are two possible explanations for the tie effect, such as encoding-based and access-based accounts. Encoding-based accounts propose that the tie advantage occurs because repetition of the same physical stimulus results in faster encoding of ties than of nonties. Alternatively, access-based accounts propose that ties may be easier to solve than nonties because of differences in accessibility in memory or differences in the solution processes. Access-based accounts fall into three categories: familiarity, interference, variability in solution approaches. According to familiarity explanations, accessibility varies with practice such that tie effect is related to the frequency with which problems are encountered. Ties receive more practice and the connections between operands and answers in memory are greater. So ties are solved more quickly. According to interference explanations, ties and nonties are defined as separate categories of problems and the interference is greater within category than between category. Thus, because the tie category includes relatively few problems, ties received less inhibitory input than nonties. According to solution approach explanations, even simple arithmetic is solved not only by direct retrieval from memory but by nonretrieval procedures. Ties are solved by direct retrieval procedures and nonties are solved by nonretrieval procedures which is slower than direct retrieval. The encoding-account can’t provide reasonable explanations for tie×size interaction. Access-based accounts propose that there is no obvious tie advantage in solution latencies because the small ties and nonties are both solved by direct retrieval. The large ties are solved more quickly because of using more efficient direct retrieval than large nonties. So there is obvious tie advantage for large problems and the less problem-size effect for ties than for nonties. In summary, the studies about tie effect mainly use two methods. First, the researchers explore the effect on tie effect by manipulating format of figures(digit/word). But various figure format lead to the change of procedure strategies and it is hard to decide if the encoding is influenced. Second, participants’ self-report of the procedure strategies is used to explore the effect on tie effect. This method would neglect the effect of other factors. So new experiment paradigm should be used to help us know more about the procedure mechanism of tie effect in future.

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    The Effect of Category Label and Typical level on Category-based Feature Inference
    2011, 34(5): 1051-1055. 
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    Present study explored the effects of Category Label and Typicality on Category-based Feature Inference using study-test two phases paradigm. And the results suggested that both category label and typical level affected category-based feature inference, further more, the interaction between these two factors was significant, that is, the effect of category label on category-based feature inference in high typical level condition was stronger than the one in low typical level condition, additionally, the effect of typical level on category-based feature inference in matching category label condition was stronger than the one in non-matching category label condition.

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    Effects of music’s rhythm and participants' familiarity with language on driving behavior and eye-movement
    2011, 34(5): 1056-1061. 
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    Abstract: The present study investigated the effects of music’s rhythm and participants’ familiarity with language on driving behavior and eye tracking process in 3D driving simulator. The results indicated that driving experience affected driving behavior and eye-movement significantly: drivers with more experience outperformed learner drivers. Driving speed was faster when the music is in high rhythm, which also leads to more narrow saccade and vertical spread of search. The participants’ familiarity with language of music affected speed, number of mistakes and mean fixation duration for learner drivers. Rhythm of music and participants' familiarity with language affected horizontal spread of search jointly.

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    The neural basis of semantic unification
    2011, 34(5): 1062-1067. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (546KB) ( )  

    Semantic unification is one of the core components of language production and comprehension. In this paper, the most relevant models about semantic unification were described, including multiple phases model (Friederici, 2002), Bilateral Activation, Integration and Selection model (BIAS) (Jung-Beeman, 2005), Memory, Unification and Control model (MUC) (Hagoort, 2005), N400 model (Lau, Phillips, & Poeppel, 2008). The issues at core of debate include the definition of semantic unification and the corresponding locus, as well as whether there is a linguistic specific unification locus. Following the BIAS model and the N400 model, semantic unification is apart from semantic selection and controlled processing. While according to MUC model, semantic unification refers to the process by which we construct complex meaning based on elementary semantic blocks (e.g. words). It relies on selection and inhibition due to the inherent ambiguity nature of language comprehension. However, selection is not always a prerequisite for semantic unification. Unification constructs semantic representation that is not already available in long-term memory. In addition, some information which should be unified is unique and does not engage selection. For instance, Tesink et al. (Tesink, et al., 2009) found left inferior frontal gyrus activation when content violated against character’s gender information as indicated by the acoustics of the voice (for example, a men said he was in pregnant), a situation unlikely relies on selection. In the future, it would be helpful to further investigate whether the activation in left inferior frontal gyrus during semantic unification is linguistic-specified or domain general. Since it was found that activation between semantic unification and general cognitive control such as flanker task induced control processing was overlap (Ye & Zhou, 2009). Moreover, cumulative evidence suggested that functional connected network rather than single region support cognition. Thus the field would be benefit from connectivity analysis for semantic unification. The connectivity network may involve the cortical and subcortical structures, and bilateral hemispheres.

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    The Dissociation of Recollection from Familiarity in the Condition of Conceptual-similarity
    2011, 34(5): 1068-1071. 
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    The study adopted a “study-test” pattern and the materials of Chinese characters to explore the dissociation of recollection from familiarity in condition of conceptual-similarity using event-related potential (ERPs) measurements. The results showed that the familiarity effect was mainly reflected in the region of frontal during 330-430ms. The recollection effect was mainly reflected in the region of central and parietal during 430-600ms. In the case of Chinese characters, the study confirmed that the earlier N400 old\new effects reflected familiarity and the later parietal LPC reflected recollection. The study provided a new evidence for the hypothesis of dual-process from the Chinese material viewpoint.

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    The eye movement research of OUP effects in different fields of vision
    2011, 34(5): 1072-1078. 
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    Abstract Using the eye tracking method, we conducted two experiments to examine the OUP effects in the left (LVF) and right (RVF) fields of vision. The results show that: (1) when the OUP words presented horizontally to LVF and RVF respectlly, there was a robust facilitatory effect of early OUP for RVF presentation. The effect was absent for LVF trials, which we argue this result from the disadvantaged position of initial letters of words presented in the LVF. (2)When using the vertical stimulus presentations to investigate the OUP effects in different fields of vision, there was a marked facilitatory effect of early OUP across both visual fields, suggesting that the initial letter was advantage to the foveal, there would be the OUP effects. These findings of the research confirmed the presence of sequential processes in both left and right hemisphere when recognized the words, casting doubt on parallel models in the left hemisphere and sequential models in the right hemisphere of word processing.

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    The Effect of Praise for Ability or Effort on Children’s Psychological Effects of Post-failure
    2011, 34(5): 1079-1084. 
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    With 103 children of 5th-grade students as subjects, the study explored the psychological effects of post-failure of praise for ability or praise for effort on children. The results were: (a) Praise for ability led children to display a maladaptive helpless response pattern after failure, the levels of self-evaluation, task enjoyment, task evaluation, self-efficacy and task persistence of children praised for ability were lower than those praise for effort and the conditional children; (b) Children praised for ability showed a greater tendency to use defensive attribution strategy, while the level of low-ability attribution of children received praise for ability was more than children received praise for effort; (c) Praise for ability led children to display a tendency of self-handicapping, they would report more test anxiety, and reduced the time spent on the Standard Progressive Matrices, eventually led low scores.

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    Short-Term Memory Span and Working Memory Span of Junior Math Learning Disability Students
    Dan CAI
    2011, 34(5): 1085-1089. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (454KB) ( )  

    The study was supposed to discover the cognitive processing mechanism of MLD. Math learning disability (MLD) is an important area of learning disability, accounting for large percentage of students in the middle school. Now there emerges a leading paradigm for carrying out research on MLD from the viewpoint of information processing. The study was designed to find out whether the MLD students have deficit on short-term memory span or the working memory span. The criteria for defining the MLD or math learning disorder of this study is: the math score was lower than 20% of the total score, with normal IQ, and without the obvious organic deficit, emotional disorder and learning motivation disorder. There are 103 students participating the study, with 49 MLD students and 54 students who are good at math (with average age is 12.57-year-old). The study designed the three experiments such as the word series task to measure short-term memory, reading span task to measure phonological working memory, and backward digit span task to measure digit working memory. The reading span task was designed on the computer by E-prime software, while the other two tasks were oral tests. Each participant spent 30 minutes finishing the experiments with the guide of psychological graduate students. The results of the study showed: (1) there was no significant difference between two groups in word series task (t=-1.59, p>.05), but significant difference between two groups in reading span tasks (t=-2.38, p<.05) as well as backward digit span task (t=-4.69, p<.01 ). (2) Correlation analysis showed reading span task and backward digit span task had high correlations (r=.24, p<.05), and the word series task had low correlation with the reading span task (r=.19, p>.05) and backward digit span task (r=.05, p>.05). (3) The regression analysis indicated that the backward digit span task which measured the digit working memory can better predict math achievement than the other two tasks which measured the short-term memory and reading working memory. (4) The developmental trend of memory span among the junior school students was no significant. The conclusion of the study was the MLD students couldn’t finish the tasks with high loaded working memory demand, but they were capable to finish some simple cognitive tasks such as short-term memory task, which meant that the counter interference and attention control abilities deficit was the core deficit in the MLD.

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    Compare Research of Grade 3-9 Children’s Ability-Concept Intervention
    2011, 34(5): 1090-1094. 
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    Abstract: As Dweck suggested, stories and verbal praise which imply particular viewpoint about intelligence would affect children’s concept about ability and goal orientation as well. The authors assumed that with the developing of children’s self-awareness and intelligence viewpoint, the same type of intervention will have different meanings and produce special effects. This article aimed to figure out the different effect of intervention using stories and verbal praise as material on children of different ages. 885 students from Grade 3 to 9 participated in the research. Three types of stories were adopted which respectively considered ability as ‘naturally gifted’,’ gained by effort’, and neutral. Also, four types of verbal praise were used in the intervention which described children as ‘intelligent’, ‘diligent’, ‘potential’, and no feedback as controlled condition. The results showed an interaction effect on the grade and intervention types which also carried forward Dweck’s assumption about self theory of ability.

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    The Development of Implicit and Explicit Attitude to Emotion Regulation on Adolescence
    2011, 34(5): 1095-1100. 
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    Implicit Association Test and Explicit Attitude to Emotion Regulation Questionnaire were used to test the development of implicit and explicit attitude to emotion regulation on adolescence. The results showed that: (1) The implicit attitude to emotion regulation becomes more negative with age; (2) The explicit attitude to emotion regulation keeps steady with age, and females hold more positive explicit attitude to emotion regulation than males; (3) Implicit attitude to emotion regulation is positively related with explicit attitude to emotion regulation. Implicit and explicit attitude to emotion regulation show different developmental features.

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    Testing Effect: A basic Research Project Aiming At Efficient Learning
    2011, 34(5): 1101-1105. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (526KB) ( )  

    Currently the researches on learning and memory paid close attention to the testing effect of memory, which enlightened people to reweigh the nature of test. Testing memory was not only a measurement of the degree of study but it could promote learning better than repeated encoding. Testing memory during study made more accurate JOL relative to study by rote. Although self-testing might to a certain extent slowed down the process of learning, it can actually realize efficient learning. The authors believed that giving tests during the class or encouraging students to use self-testing strategy could benefit the long-term performance.

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    The moderating and Mediating Effects of Core Self-evaluation on the Relation between Class Environment and adolescent depression
    REN ZhiHong
    2011, 34(5): 1106-1112. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (623KB) ( )  

    To analyze the relationships between class environment, core self-evaluation and adolescent depression, 1404 high school students were chosen at random to complete the CSES, Class Environment Scale and CES-D. Unconstrained model method and Structural Equation Modeling were used to examine the moderation and mediation effect of core self-evaluation between class environment and adolescent depression. The results show that: (a) core self-evaluation exerts the moderating effects in the relation between teacher-student relationships, students relations, competition and adolescent depression, but it shows poor fit indices of structural models; (b) core self-evaluation exerts the mediating effect in the relation between classroom environment and adolescent depression, of which the core self-evaluation exerts a complete medium effect in the relation between competition and depression.

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    The Relation among Social Withdrawal, Peer relationship and Social-information-processing in Middle Childhood
    2011, 34(5): 1113-1119. 
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    The Relation among Social Withdrawal, Peer relationship and Social-information-processing in Middle Childhood Liu Aishu1, Yu Zengyan2, Yang Feilong1, Pei Liang1 (1Department of Psychology, School of Education, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025) (2Department of Psychological Medicine, Qiqihar Medicine College, 161006) Abstract As the psychological and social risks associated with social withdrawal have become clear, social withdrawal has become a very important issue in developmental psychology and cross-cultural psychology since 1980s.?It has been found that socially withdrawn school-aged children were reported more negative self-perceptions, greater feelings of social anxiety and loneliness, higher rates of depression, and are more likely to be rejected by peers than their non-withdrawn classmates. Several factors have been proposed that may underlie the development and display of social withdrawal in childhood, including biological and physiological factors, as well as parental beliefs and practices. Another process that might underlie the development of social withdrawal is children's social information processing abilities. However, there has been surprisingly little research exploring the social information processing of socially withdrawn children. Although certain characteristics of SIP may place withdrawn children at risk for maladjustment, it is also important to assess those factors that can protect children from maladaptive social interpretations and coping strategies. One such protective factor for socially withdrawn children may be friendship. As such, the purpose of this study was to explore peer relationships and social information processing of the different types of social withdrawal in middle childhood, and to find the relations between peer relationships and social information processing of withdrawn children. Class Play Scale was used to screen 121 socially withdrawn children from 929 children from Grade 3 to Grade 5, and the control group was established. Peer Nomination, Friend Nomination and Friendship Quality Questionnaire were administrated to all the children and structural interview of social information processing was used to part of them. The results indicated that: 1.The peer relationships of passive withdrawn children, which weren’t significantly different from the control group, were best among the different types of socially withdrawn children, but that of active withdrawn children and mixed withdrawn children were worse than the control group. There was no significant difference on social status, mutual friends and friendship quality between passive withdrawn children and control children; 2.In general, withdrawn children showed lower level of ability to encode information, a preference for non-assertive, withdrawn problem-solving strategies to deal with hypothetical conflict situations, reported lower self-efficacy to act chosen response and had more performance deficits compared with control children. But among all subtypes of socially withdrawn children, active withdrawn children and mixed withdrawn children had more cognition deficits at the different steps of SIP model, such as more hostile attributions pattern, less response quantity. 3.The part mediator effect of peer relationships between social withdrawal and social information processing was confirmed; Multiple regression analysis showed that peer relationships and ability to act upon his chosen response could predict the socially withdrawn behavior negatively and strongly.

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    The Cognitive Mechanisms underlying Face Recognition Development
    Xiao-song Gai
    2011, 34(5): 1120-1123. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (533KB) ( )  

    There has been long-standing debate regarding the mechanisms underlying development in face recognition ability. Theories form the face-specific view argues that the immaturities in children’s face recognition skills is that children and adults use different face processing modes. These theories include featural-configural processing theory, internal-external processing theory, and multi-dimensional space theory.The other theroy argues that children can process faces like adults at an early age,and overall improvement beyond that age is due entirely to the development of general cognitive factors.Based on a review of these two different viewpionts,five suggestions on future researches were proposed.

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    The lexical access of high frequency words in Uighur children with developmental dyslexia
    mahpiret kanji ZHANG WEI
    2011, 34(5): 1124-1129. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (586KB) ( )  

    Uyghur is a main minority language in China and which is a transparent orthography that means the printed words can be translated into the correct sequence of phonemes using a limited set of rules, it is different with Chinese language which used in China mainland. This study investigated the difficulty of Uyghur dyslexic children on lexical access to clarify the more basic mechanism than phonological awareness, naming speed, paired associate learning for dyslexia in different orthographies. In accordance with the achievement discrepancy definition, using the criteria for inclusion were a marked reading delay on a Uyghur One Minute Word Reading Test and normal performance on a nonverbal general intelligence test (IQ score of Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices were above 25%), 32 dyslexics (21 males and 11 females, all attending Grade 4) were selected from 1123 Uyghur pupils to participate in this study. Also,37 normal readers matched in age and IQ with dyslexic as the control group. We used picture naming task under different priming condition to test activation of phonological information in different representation level (lexical, syllable, onset) on the process of high frequency words’ lexical access for Uyghur dyslexics and control groups. The target picture was presented preceded by a prime item which was a two syllable Uyghur high frequency word at 2 kinds of SOA ( 60ms ,100ms). According to different of the phonological information that the priming word shared with the name of the target picture, there were 4 priming condition: lexical similar priming ---the priming word was the name of the picture; syllable similar priming -- the priming word only shared one syllable with the name of picture; onset similar priming ---only the onset of the priming word and the name of picture was same; unrelated priming condition--- primes and targets don’t have any the same phonological and meaning information .The analysis of reaction time showed that: active priming effects was obtained only in lexical priming condition at 60 ms SOA(p<.05), in lexical (p<0.001)and syllable priming condition at 100 ms SOA for normal children; but the active priming effects wasn’t obtained for the dyslexic children at any SOA for all priming condition(p>0.1). The analysis of error rate showed that: the dyslexic children’s error rate under lexical priming condition significantly higher than other priming condition(syllable: p<.05,onse and unrelated: p<.0001)and the error rate under syllable similar priming condition significantly higher than onset similar and unrelated priming condition(p<.05), namely displayed interference effect which was more under similar condition than less similar and unrelated condition; the normal children’s error rate under lexical similar priming condition significantly lower than other condition(p<.05), namely displayed lexical facilitate effect. Moreover, the normal children’s reaction time of picture naming under all priming condition significantly shorter than that of dyslexics. The results indicated that: (1) At the process of Uyghur high frequency words’ lexical access for normal children, phonological information can be activated in lexical and sublexical level , but more quickly in lexical level than sublexical level; (2)Uyghur dyslexic children’s speed of activate and retrieve phonological information in lexical and sublexical level was significantly slower than that of Uyghur normal children, that because of the weakness of orthographic– phonological connectivity.

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    The research on the relationship between the needs, the social supports and mental health of urban low age senior citizen
    2011, 34(5): 1130-1136. 
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    Abstract:As the ageing society looming ,needs ,supports and the welling-being of the senior citizen becoming more and more important. The Primary purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between the needs, the social supports and mental health of urban low age senior citizen. The research surveys 738 urban low age senior citizen by the urban low age senior citizen need questionnaire, the urban low age senior citizen social support questionnaire and senior citizen mental health questionnaire. By using the LISREL8.7, the Structural Equation Model of the relationship between the needs, the social supports and mental health of urban low age senior citizen was established. The result shows that: Both the need and social support of old person affect the mental health of old person. To be specify, the satisfaction relationship need and the satisfaction of dear ones need partially mediate the affection support and mental health; the satisfaction of relationship need, satisfaction of dear ones need, the satisfaction of cognation need and the satisfaction of value need fully mediate the guidance support and mental health. In this study, we found the social supports and the needs of low age senior citizen affect their mental health. The social supports of low age senior citizen affect the their mental health from the connection of their needs.

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    Psychological and Neurophysiologic Mechanisms of Trust
    2011, 34(5): 1137-1143. 
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    Trust is the willingness to accept vulnerability based upon positive expectations of another’s behavior. Researchers have proposed the Dyadic Model, Rational Choice Model, Motivated Attributions Model and Perceived Trustworthiness-Cooperation Spiral Model of Trust Development. Psychological research has shown that betrayal has long-term bad effects on trust development. Recent research on the neural and physiological mechanism of trust has shown that oxytocin is associated with human trustworthiness and trust behavior and that trust is associated with the activation of dorsal striatum, anterior insula and brain areas that have been linked with reward processing: nucleus accumbens, the caudate nucleus, ventromedial frontal/orbitofrontal cortex, and rostral anterior cingulate cortex. Although there are numerous researches on trust to date at present, more research work are needed to disentangle the mysteries of the psychological and neurophysiologic underpinnings of human trust and trusting behavior.

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    Impact of Social Support Networks on Physical and Mental Conditions of China's Urban Poverty-stricken Population
    Zhai-Ping He
    2011, 34(5): 1144-1150. 
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    Impact of Social Support Networks on Physical and Mental Conditions of China’s Urban Poverty-stricken Population He Zhaiping (Tianjin Norman University,Tianjin,300387) ABSTRACT:By analyzing the random sample of the urban poverty-stricken population in Tianjin,The paper explores the quantity, quality of social support and structure of social support networks on physical and mental conditions of the poor. It proves that the quantity of social support have no efforts on physical and mental conditions of the poor in Tianjin. Quality of social support is positively related to life satisfaction and physical health. the higher The heterogeneity of social support network and the lower network homophily ,the higher the life satisfaction. These indicators have no efforts on physical health. But the more the number of network members whose income level is higher than the ego in whole networks,the worse physical and mental condition of the poor. Keyword:urban poverty-stricken population,social support networks,physical and mental condition

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    The relationships among employee well-being, demographic characteristics and job characteristcs:the role of job stress
    2011, 34(5): 1151-1156. 
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    Researchers are paying increasing attention to employee well-being with the prosperity of positive organizational behavior. This study aims to investigate how employee well-being levels vary according to the demographic factors and the job characteristic factors. Moreover, it explores the mechanism through which job-related stress affects employee well-being. By conducting questionnaire survey in Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Chengdu, Changsha and Guangzhou, the authors obtained a sample of 305 Chinese mainland employees. 266 questionnaires are valid. The questionnaire comprises three parts. Part one includes items asking the demographic characteristics and the job characteristics of respondents. Part two adopts the Subjective Well-being Scales developed by Diener, including the Life Satisfaction Scale and the PA-NA Scale. Part three adopts the scale developed by House et al and measures the job-related stress of employees. This part including Job Responsibility, Job Quality, Role Conflict, Work and Non-work Conflict, and Overload. All measures altogether include 15 items . The results are as following. First, employees generally experience relatively low levels of life satisfaction and positive affect, and often have negative affect. Second, employees differ significantly in negative affect according to the age and education level. With regard to age, the employees under 25 and those between 36 and 40 have significantly higher negative affect than counterparts between 26 and 30. Regarding the education level, employees with college degree experience significantly higher negative affect than those with university degree or above. Meanwhile, employees with postgraduate degree or above have significantly lower negative affect than counterparts with university degree. Third, employees from different ownership companies differ significantly in life satisfaction. Employees from private enterprises have significantly lower life satisfaction than those from state-owned enterprises or joint-equity enterprises. Fourth, employees from different positions differ significantly in negative affect. Salesmen have far more negative affect than managers and research personnel. Fifth, employees from different industries have different levels of positive affect. Employees from trade industry have significantly higher positive affect than those from high-tech industry or from manufacturing industry. People from service industry have higher positive affect than those fro

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    Review on theoretical models about Psychological mechanisms of ambivalent attitude
    2011, 34(5): 1157-1162. 
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    On the Psychological mechanisms of ambivalent attitude (AA), Cacioppo and Berntson advanced model of evaluation space in 1994, and Priester and Petty proposed GTM (The gradual threshold model) model in 1996, both of which focus on the formation of AA and form the theoretical basis of the internal mechanism of AA, but there lacks in such respects like the representation and resolution of AA, and its impact on information processing. With the more thorough research on AA, we have a growing need of guidance of theories on the psychological mechanism. This article attempts to do some generalization and appraisal about theoretical models of psychological mechanism of AA. Moreover, the current progress in attitude theories and empirical studies provides a possible method for in-depth explanation on the internal mechanism. By virtue of literature research, the article introduces four newly theoretical models associated with the analysis of psychological mechanisms underlying AA, i.e. the model of attitude as object-evaluation association, the meta-cognitive model of attitude, the iterative reprocessing model, the model of distributed connectionist representation and so on. and connected recent empirical findings to analyze and evaluate. For different theoretical hypothesis and construction, the four models on attitude focus differently on representation, formation and resolution of AA. The object-evaluation association model stresses the attitude formation process to analyze how ambivalence generates, and it provides the novel explanation on AA from the scenarios interaction and the diversity of classification, and views that ambivalence is not caused by two kinds of evaluation activated spontaneously, but by the rapid conversion among different assessment classifications. The meta-cognitive model of attitude pays more attention to the analysis how ambivalence is represented in the memory, and it classifies AA into two forms from the angle of meta-cognition of AA: Explicit and Implicit, and it also gives some specifications on Explicit and Implicit conversions concerning attitude change. The iterative reprocessing model emphasizes the role of the analysis of higher cognition processing in solving ambivalence, and it furthers studies with the corresponding neuron-physiological mechanism. The model of distributed connectionist representation puts its focus on building from the momentary scene to analyze the activation and representation of AA, and weakens the di

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    Progress of Sociometer Theory: The Relationship between social acceptance–rejection and self-esteem
    2011, 34(5): 1163-1166. 
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    The Sociometer Theory suggests that self-esteem is an internal, subjective marker of the individual’s inclusionary status and monitors the quality of people’s interpersonal relationships. So far, related researches of Sociometer Theory were carried out from two primary orientations: on the one hand to examine the effect of social acceptance and interpersonal evaluation on state self-esteem from the perspective of Social Feedback; on the other hand to examine how the trait self-esteem affects the social willingness and social decision-making from the perspective of social behavior. Future researches should discriminate the social context, and establish an integrated model among Social Feedback, mental change and behavior; moreover, need to examine the effect of the cognitive process about task on self-esteem.

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    How can Transformational Leadership influence employee job outcomes: An Analysis of Mediated Moderation Effect
    2011, 34(5): 1167-1173. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (626KB) ( )  

    The present study unpacked the black box of underlying mechanism of transformational leadership influences on employees’ job performance and job satisfaction. The participants were 426 employees and managers from many industries (such as government, manufacturing, banking, etc.). SPSS13.0 and Lisrel 8.7 are adopted to perform a series of statistical analysis, including reliability analysis、Confirmative Factor Analysis(CFA)、correlation analysis as well as hierarchical linear regression analysis. Especially, we followed Wen, Zhang and Hou (2006)’s procedures and tested the mediated moderation effect. The results showed that: (1) The relationship between transformational leadership and job performance、job satisfaction are both partially mediated by self-efficacy, after controlling for variables such as age, gender, and organization tenure; (2) As a moderator, core job characteristics strengthened the positive relation between transformational leadership and job performance. Such moderation effect was mediated by the self-efficacy of employees. At the end of this study, the theory contribution and practical implications of this research were discussed.

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    A research on undergraduate students’ narcissism and its relationship with mental adaptation
    2011, 34(5): 1174-1177. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (377KB) ( )  

    There was a great deal of empirical research on narcissism in Western psychological field. This research relied on the theoretical studying of predecessors, explored undergraduate students’ narcissism and its relationship with mental adaptation. The results showed: (1) There wasn’t significant difference in Narcissism by sexual distinction. But there was significant difference in mental adaptation. Men students were better than women students in mental adaptation. (2) Students from different specialized subjects had not significant difference in Narcissism. But there was significant difference in mental adaptation. (3) Compared with narcissism and 4 factors of mental adaptation, there was relationship between narcissism with mental self-control and self-confidence.

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    The effects of job characteristics and related factors on job burnout among mentors in colleges
    2011, 34(5): 1178-1182. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (430KB) ( )  

    It is well documented that job burnout is affected by personal factors such as perceptions of job stress, coping style, etc., and characteristics of the organization(Maslach,Schaufeli,& Leiter,2001). Characteristics of the organization are more powerful than personal factors in predicting job burnout because job burnout is directly caused by the job situation(Maslach,Schaufeli,& Leiter,2001). In China, many studies have investigated job burnout in the group of company clerks, teachers, and nurses. Generally, the theory of job burnout is replicated in China. However, the topic was not sufficiently understood in the group of college mentors. Mentors are those college teachers who administrate student affairs, and teach class as well. Mentors’ working environment are some different from common college teachers because they not only deal with students affairs but also conduct political education. This special characteristic of the mentor job would bring some unique contextual factors influencing job burnout. Two factors should be considered in predicting mentor job burnout. One is mentors’ attitude toward their job characteristic, the other is the mentors’ role stress. To further extend job burnout model in the group of college mentors, this study firstly developed Inventory of Characteristics of Mentor Job based on results of deep interview with mentors. The role stress and social support were included in the current study to capture the effect of ‘several working roles’ of the college mentor job. Furthermore, hope as a positive personal factor was included in the model in order to observe effect of personal factors(Sherwin,1991). Questionnaire was administrated in post-vocational education class for college mentors, and 342 mentors participated in the study. Factor analysis and pathway analysis were performed to analyze the data. The results showed that:(a) Inventory of Characteristics of Mentor Job (ICMJ) has four factors which are perception of job value, perception of job worthlessness, negative aspects of the job and positive aspects of the job (Principle components, Varimax rotation). The four factors could explain 61.13% of the total variance; (b)The perception of job value and hope could negatively predict while role stress could positively predict the variance of job burnout significantly; (c) role stress completely mediated the effects of social support, negative aspects of the job, perception of job worthless on job burnou

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    Developing a Scale to Assess the Middle-level Managers’ Time Management Disposition
    Yong-Hong ZHANG
    2011, 34(5): 1183-1188. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (555KB) ( )  

    This research aims to carry on the CFA to the structure of TMD of middle-level managers of Chinese enterprises, which is proposed by Zhang Yonghong and Huang Xiting, and further find out the characteristic of the TMD in them. Data of the studies come from six enterprises in China, measured by the Scale of Middle-level Managers’ Time Management Disposition. ResearchⅠstudied 205 managers to confirm the scale’s stability and reliability. ResearchⅡ investigated the characteristic of TMD in 258 managers: The TMD score of them is above the median, the score of STV and STE are higher than it of the ATC; in gender, there are no significant difference between the STV and STE, but the ATC is different; in age, TMD score is increasing along with the age; in enterprise type, the scores of middle-level managers in Private Enterprise is the highest, and the State-owned business is the least.

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    New progress on IRT: the Mixture Model Based on 3PLM and GRM
    2011, 34(5): 1189-1194. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (461KB) ( )  

    There are many IRT models for available for realistic work which are adaptive to different datas. In china, there exits many kinds of examinations, and the item types are rich. In realistic work, only one IRT model can not reflect all data’s features. Thus one more IRT models are considered called mixture model to realize the optimized data fit. This paper explored the idea, principle, parameter estimation and the properties of mixture model based on 3PLM and GRM. To explore the parameters estimation precision, and to probe the properties of mixture model, Monte Carlo method was used here. The result showed: (1) The parameters estimation precision of Mix_Tu program was preferably great, which equivalent to the precision of Parscale program. (2) When “item bugs”, the estimating of parameter b and c with Mix_Tu program were more affected by the extent of item bugs than that with Parscale program, the estimating of parameter a was vice versa, while the estimating of theta was similar. (3) When “examination bugs”, the estimating of all parameters with Mix_Tu program were less affected by the degree of examination bugs than that with Parscale program. The estimating was more robust than that with Parscale program.

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    Testing Measurement Invariance of Second-Order Factor Models: taking Internet Altruistic Behavior Scale of Undergraduates as an example
    Xian-Liang ZHENG Gu Haigen Zhao Bi-Hua
    2011, 34(5): 1195-1200. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (550KB) ( )  

    Before investigating any potential between-group differences, it is necessary to test the measurement invariance between groups. Some researchers discussed the measurement invariance of first-order factor model, but the measurement invariance research of second-order factor model was rare. Compared with first-order factor model, the second-order factor model has several advantages, but testing measurement invariance of second-order factor model was more complex. In the paper, the measurement invariance across regions in the Internet Altruistic Behavior Scale of Undergraduates (IABSU) was tested. IABSU which include 26 items comprised four first-order factors and single second-order factor. Items were rated on a 4-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (“never do”) to 4 (often do). A total of 592 college students from five universities in Shanghai City and Anhui Province were examined using random sampling method. The 283 college students from Shanghai were taken as the developed region sample, the mean age was 20.1 (SD=1.2). And the 309 college students from Anhui Province were taken as the developing region sample, the mean age was 20.4 (SD=1.1). First, baseline model was established to fit the data of the developed region and the developing region separately. The results showed that the absolute index RMSEA and SRMR were less than .08, the relative index NNFI and CFI were more than .95, which indicated that the model could extremely fit the data. And then, the measurement invariance of second-order factor model of IABSU was tested, following the general procedures suggested by Widaman and Reise (1997), including configural invariance, first-order weak invariance, second- order weak invariance, first-order strong invariance, second-order strong invariance, second-order strict invariance and first-order strict invariance. After the lower level invariance was achieved, the higher level invariance which was more stringent could be tested. All procedures were based on the analysis of mean and covariance structures (MACS) within the framework of CFA modeling. The results showed that IABSU was full first-order and second-order strict invariance across regions. In the paper, we showed clearly how to test the measurement invariance of second-order factor model taking IABSU as an example, and also indicated the measurement invariance across regions of IABSU was good, which could be used to test the internet altruistic behavior in different regions.

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    The Structure and Measurement of Workplace Bullying in China
    2011, 34(5): 1201-1208. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (790KB) ( )  

    Workplace bullying refers to the nagative behaviors which the staffs suffer continuously and repeatedly, and the negative behaviors come from one or more person. It has become one of the critical issues in the fields of occupational health psychology。Different dimensions of workplace bullying were identified in the western literature, and it is unknown the same questionnaire that is used in Western context can be used in Chinese context. The purpose of the current research is to investigate the domain of workplace bullying behavior and develop an indigenous measure in the Chinese context. The methods used in the study involved literature review, interview, pilot study and survey. Based on the literature, interview and pilot study, items for Workplace Bullying Content Questionnaire were developed. First, by the content analysis of data collected from 42 staffs (using structured interview) and from 85 staffs (using open - ended questionnaires) from various enterprises, the primary Workplace Bullying Questionnaire was established in China. Then, data was collected from employees of some companies which were different kinds and from different districts of China. The survey date was mainly analyzed with exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of a date from a sample of 229 employees showed that Workplace Bullying was a three-dimension construct in China, which included personal attack, attack through work tasks, social exclusion. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of a date from another sample of 207 employees further confirmed Workplace Bullying Questionnaire’s factorial validity. Internal consistency analyses and hierarchical regression analyses showed that Workplace Bullying Questionnaire had suitable reliability and high validity. The measure developed in the research provides starting points for future studies on workplace bullying in Chinese. The current research will not only be helpful to understand the phenomenon of workplace bullying in Chinese context, but also provide practical implications for managers. In the last, current limitations and future orientations were also discussed.

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    Hot Spots of Chinese Psychological articles in 2000-2009 Based on Bibliometric Analysis
    2011, 34(5): 1209-1215. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (757KB) ( )  

    The intention in this article is to represent the ongoing intellectual structure of Psychology research in China. To this end within the domain analysis the most suitable bibliometric method to reveal the structure of the discipline has been selected. This is an empirical view of the underlying structure in the Psychology studied and this is interesting since the majority of scientists have an intuitive idea of this structure which may or may not correspond to reality. Different from traditional viewpoints originated from the emphasis on exploring in relational qualitative systems, this method is co-word analysis, a quantitative means of highlighting this process in a given field of research consists of calculating associations between centres of interest in scientific articles, through key words which is characterized by its objectivity, and in this case, this paper analyzes and maps the dynamics of psychology area in 2000-2004 and 2005-2009 from the core journal papers collected by CNKI.A group of six journals were selected from the most prominent psychological journals, judged to be the main contributors to the field. All of their cocitations identified were downloaded to be analyzed by factor analysis and cluster analysis. There are

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    Introspection on the Originality of Chinese Theoretical Psychology
    2011, 34(5): 1216-1221. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (642KB) ( )  

    Theoretical psychology has become an international subject and China’s theoretical psychology takes an important position in the development of the world theoretical psychology. In China the older generation psychologists has made great contribution to the development of this subject, and a large number of young and middle-aged scholars have also achieved remarkable results in this field. However, there are still many problems requiring profound consideration and introspection due to the disproportion of its development status in China and the social expectation to it. Generally speaking, it is the lack of originality in China’s research on theoretical psychology that held back the development of psychology in China. In order to improve the level of the originality of Chinese theoretical psychology, the author proposed in this article six vital aspects to achieve it. First, the aim of theoretical research should be brought back to mankind. Second, firm theory faith is the upmost need to create theory innovation. Third, it’s important to advocate critical thinking and encourage creative thinking. Fourth, the theory of psychology should not be separated from the empirical evidence. Fifth, innovation should be encouraged in multiple ways. Sixth, the theory psychologists should strengthen the mutual cooperation to attain more achievement.

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    The Analysis and Prospects on Psychology as an Independent Discipline Class and Academic Degree Type
    Yong-Ji GUO
    2011, 34(5): 1222-1229. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (820KB) ( )  

    Abstract: What reason can lead to a country’s psychology development to be lagging behind in the overall level of current situation? Maybe the people thought, first it is related to the state's development level of economy, science and technology, and funds. Second it is related to the quantity, creativity, research methods, philosophical basis, and theoretical background of psychology personnel. Third it is related to social environment, historical tradition and so on. In addition to these reasons, the author holds that it may be also related to the national system of discipline management, psychological development policy, position of psychology discipline, disciplines background of psychology growth, such as the outside reasons. It means that may exist a correlation between the whole development of psychology and the matter, which subject psychology should belong to. If it is to be solved the matter, psychologists may find a breakthrough to promote the development of psychology. Based on this consideration, in the comparison of psychological discipline and professional set, by China and the United States, Britain and other developed countries, the article found Chinese psychology discipline existing five problems that are indeterminacy of discipline, low status of discipline, few professional quantity, less professional grade, abstract of professional name. The five aspects also reflect China’s psychology discipline management to be solved in theory and practical problem. Then the author put forward the psychology discipline of China should development towards to firm, improve discipline status, increase professional quantity, increase the professional grades, and crystallize the professional name. The article discuss about how to firm the psychology discipline, improve discipline status and other questions mainly. In analysis and discussion of China's current psychology discipline and profession setting, mainly from four aspects: the limitations of psychological discipline attribution, the possibility of psychology to become an independent discipline class, the systematicness in a new disciplinary system after psychology to become a independent discipline class, the sociality need of psychology to become a independent discipline class. Especially the deficiencies has been pointed out that Chinese psychology belongs to nature sciences and pedagogy in professional program, and this subordinate relationship will restrict the psychology development and discipline maturing. Above all, after the analysis and discussion, the important conclusion emerges with much necessity and feasibility that makes the psychology as an independent discipline class and academic degree type. At last, the author makes four aspects for suggestions and prospect to promote Chinese indigenous psychology development, it concludes: to improve current psychology discipline and profession program, increase the professional quantity and expand the ways of psychology talents training, expand the subject range of psychology and deepen the edge disciplines research of psychology. In order to facilitate discussion for the subject position and the relationships between all discipline classes after the psychology is independent in China, establishing a system model of subject category relationship is based on a platform, concluding 13 discipline classes at present and psychology discipline class or degree type. According to logical relationship of disciplines in this model picture, how to deal with and use the systematicness for psychology as an independent discipline in the whole discipline system, is a new issue to the systematic indigenous psychology and theoretical psychology research. If psychologists study it from the view of social constructivism, the psychological perspective on the subject knowledge is the result of the construction in particular cultural history of the environment, because it is different for the knowledge system which has been constructed in different branches of science background. When the social construction of psychology subject happened in more open and large disciplines background, the knowledge formation of the indigenous psychology system should be more open, multiple and rich.

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    Embodied Social Cognition : An Ecology Trend in Cognitive Psychology
    2011, 34(5): 1230-1235. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (605KB) ( )  
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    EMA—A research model of orientation in ecologism
    2011, 34(5): 1236-1241. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (595KB) ( )  

    Ecological momentary assessment ( EMA ) is not a single research methods, but a paradigm. It emphasizes the real-time data collection and repeated assessment of the real world, and illustrates the relationship between the natural exist and change in variables. It has high ecological validity. The use of EMA can enhance our understanding of the active interaction between individuals and environment. The basic design idea of EMA includes Event-Based Designs 、Time-Based Designs and Combination Designs. In the use of EMA , researchers also need to pay attention to some problems such as the development of software and hardware , ethical problem ,and the data problem. At present, EMA is most widely applied in clinical psychology and behavior studies.

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    On William James’ Scientific View of Psychology
    FANG ShuangHu
    2011, 34(5): 1242-1246. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (486KB) ( )  

    The scientific view of psychology is about the basic knowledge and understanding of what is “psychology” and what is “scientific” psychology. It is about basic understanding of its nature, which determines the understanding of subject matter and research methods of psychology. William James is acknowledged as Father of American Psychology. He is the very first person in the history of psychology who integrates the previous psychological ideology. Furthermore, he strongly opposed to narrow psychological view from academic experimental psychologist at that time and he pointed out an integrated psychological view, which is called a kind of “wide psychological view”. Such kind of scientific view is not only adhering to the psychological properties of human nature, but also consistent to the intermediate psychological orientation—psychology has both the nature of natural sciences and humanities. Originally, James regarded psychology as a kind of natural science and he considered psychology should be studied in the condition of natural history. In this point, it is impossible to work out all psychological issues because it follows the principle of cause and effect determinism. Therefore, James proposed that psychology also has the nature of the humanities. James emphasized that psychology should do some overall research on psychology life of real people in reality. In other words, psychologists should study the general psychical process of people and other significant themes, such as self, personality and value. From James’ point of view, what we really need is a kind of practical psychology which could tell people how to act and then make their lives different. He laid the foundation of the practical orientation of American psychology. As a result, psychology become more and more meaningful in measuring personal differences, education, understanding the connection between human and animal, and even in promoting the productive efficiency. Meanwhile, academic experimental psychologists insisted that psychology is a kind of natural science. Therefore, they advocated using the means of natural science to learn about psychological phenomena of human and excluded every phenomenon which can not be analyzed by such means. This kind view of science and methodology is called scientism in psychology. James believed that it is a rigid and narrow-minded approach of psychology. Although in such about 100 years after James the mainstream of psychology is still foll

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    Constructing Psychological Harmony Based on the Principle of Entropy
    2011, 34(5): 1247-1251. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1096KB) ( )  

    Establishing a harmonious socialist society is a significant strategy in our country recently. To realize the goal, constructing psychological harmony among social members is the basic requirement and important foundation. By elaborating the concept of entropy ,the principle of entropy and the theory of consumption structure systematically, this paper analyzes the necessary condition required by psychological system as a kind of consumption structure, Through analyzing the psychological system based on entropy, this paper discusses the approaches of constructing psychological harmony and analyzes an actual cases of morita therapy , offering a new theoretical angle for study of psychological harmony.

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    A review of foreign study on military psychology
    2011, 34(5): 1258-1262. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (440KB) ( )  

    Abstract In order to understand the present trends and major fields of military psychology, this article analyzed literatures which were collected from the conference of the International Military Testing Association during 1980 and 2009. We extracted key words from the papers or the reports to do word frequency analysis. The results show that the most of literatures(85.7%) may be divided into seven fields as follows: military personnel training, job analysis of military occupation, psychology selection of military personnel, military leadership and organizational behavior, measurement theory and technology, military human factors, and military clinical psychology. The frequencies of training /education, performance, selection and job analysis are high(above 58.0%) in literatures during 1980 and 2009. The frequencies of selection, leadership, performance, job analysis, turnout and human factors are high (above 70.2%) in literatures during 2000 and 2009. Military Psychology is an applied science with a variety of complex fields, in which psychological selection of military personnel, military leadership and organizational behavior, military clinical psychology are now being paid more attention. Key words IMTA, military psychology, word frequency analysis

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    Characteristics of Soldiers'Acute Stress Reaction Under Important Military Tasks
    2011, 34(5): 1269-1273. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (410KB) ( )  

    To reveal the soldier’s Acute Stress Reaction Characteristics when implementing major military tasks, we used the "acute stress reaction scale " to test them and then compared each task. We got the results subsequently that the soldier’s acute stress response in each dimension and total response index had a significant difference under the five major military tasks. Besides, the significant differences were mainly in cognitive change and emotional change. The extent of acute stress reaction was influenced by the exposure factor. The symptoms of soldiers’ acute stress reaction had a significant positive correlation with work efficiency which was influenced mainly by physiological responses, anxiety, and attention deficit and self-blame. So we got the conclusion that with the different nature of the major tasks and exposure factors, the soldier’s acute stress reaction was significantly different, and had significant impact on the effectiveness when carrying out military task.

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    The Progress and Prospect of PLA Men's Mental Quality
    2011, 34(5): 1274-1279. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (868KB) ( )  
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