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Study on the Difference of Recognizing Threatening Facial Expressions between High and Low Trait Aggressive Individuals: Evidences from ERP Study 2020, (5): 1026-1033.  Abstract ( )   PDF   In order to reveal the characteristics and electrophysiological mechanism of recognizing threatening facial expressions (anger and fear) in individuals with high trait aggression, the ERP differences of individuals with high and low trait aggression during recognizing threatening facial expressions were studied. In this study, the Buss-Perry aggression questionnaire was used to select 26 individuals with high trait aggression and 27 individuals with low trait aggression as subjects. Then, the subjects were asked to complete the facial recognition task. The task was divided into four blocks, and each expression was randomly presented 20 times in each block. First, the instructions were presented to the participants. Then 500 ms fixation point was presented in the middle of the screen, then the faces were presented. Participants were asked to judge the facial expressions within 1500 ms, and if anger to press "D", fear to press "F", neutral to press "J". The subject needs to make a quick response under the premise of ensuring the accuracy rate, and then 1500 ms + 500 ms black screen was presented. While subjects performed the face recognition task, Electroencephalographic (EEG) data were recorded from 64 scalp sites using tin electrodes mounted in an elastic cap (Brain Products, Gilching, Germany). The results showed that for angry and fearful expressions, the incubation period of N170 component in individuals with high trait aggression was significantly shorter than that in individuals with low trait aggression (ps<.05). For angry and fearful expressions, the amplitude of P200 component in individuals with high trait aggression was significantly higher than that in individuals with low trait aggression (ps<.05). In conclusion, results from the present study reveal that individuals with high trait aggression are highly sensitive to anger and fear facial expressions, which is reflected in the early and middle stages of anger and fear facial expressions, rather than the late stages. In the early pre-attention stage, individuals with high trait aggression give priority attention to anger and fear facial expressions. In the middle attention stage, individuals with high trait aggression can well identify anger and fear facial expressions and carry out selection processing. The results of the present study provide the electrophysiological basis for the process model of aggression. It also is of great significance to reveal the internal mechanism of trait aggression, so as to understand why individuals with high trait aggression frequently engage in uninhibited behaviors, and to provide an important perspective for proposing effective intervention measures of aggression behavior. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Valence-arousal emotional conflict on motivational tendencies 2020, (5): 1034-1041.  Abstract ( )   PDF   The valence-arousal conflict theory assumed both valance and arousal would trigger approaching or withdrawing tendencies. And it predicted the evaluation process of emotional stimuli should be affected considering whether valence and arousal triggered conflicting or congruent motivational tendencies. However, most previous studies have only revealed the interaction between valence and arousal, instead of directly proving the interactive links between valence, arousal and motivational tendencies. To address this question, the present study investigated the effects of valence and arousal on approach/avoidance tendencies using two experiments. In experiment 1, participants (N=61) were asked to evaluate subjective approach vs. withdrawal tendencies toward emotional expressions from Chinese Facial Affective Picture System (CFAPS) that systematically varied in valence and arousal. The results of Experiment 1 showed that participants reported a stronger approach tendency towards mildly arousing expressions and positive expressions relative to highly arousing expressions and negative expressions. And participants reported the evaluated the strongest withdrawal tendency towards negative highly arousing emotional expressions. In experiment 2 (N=36), we manipulated motivational tendency cues by triggering an approaching or avoiding cue. Participants were instructed to judge the valence of emotional words from Affective Norms English Words (ANEW) after visual-spatial cues which seems either approaching or withdrawing from participants by recording event-related potentials (ERP) to investigate whether valence or valence and arousal interactively foster implicit approach and avoidance tendencies. The behavioral results of experiment 2 showed a three way interaction (valence, arousal, and approach-withdrawal tendency) was observed such that evaluation reaction time was shorter if participants responded to a negative high-arousal stimulus than for negative low-arousal emotional words after a withdrawing cue, or if they responded to a positive low-arousal stimulus than of positive-high arousal emotional words after an approaching cue. The ERP results of Experiment 2 demonstrated that the N2 amplitude of negative emotional words after an approaching cue is larger than that of positive emotional words after an approaching cue, and the LPC amplitude of low-aroused emotional words after a withdrawing cue is larger than that of low-aroused emotional words after an approaching cue. The P1 amplitude of emotional words after an approaching cue is larger than that of emotional words after a withdrawing cue. The N400 amplitudes of negative-high arousing emotional words are larger than those of negative-low arousing words. In line with the valence-arousal conflict theory, these finding conformed that the facilitation of approached tendency by positive emotional stimuli or low arousal emotional stimuli. We provide preliminary evidence that emotional stimuli elicit conflicting action tendencies that are reflected in increased reaction times and increased activation in brain regions relevant for conflict monitoring. Related Articles | Metrics

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ERPs evidence for Anticipation and Inhibitory Control Process of Cross-Modal Intentional Forgetting 2020, (5): 1042-1048.  Abstract ( )   PDF   The ability of preventing unwanted memory from invading awareness is important for mental health. Using the Think/No-Think paradigm, previous studies have proved that individuals can forget episodic memory by direct suppressing them repeatedly. Our unwanted memories come from multiple sensory channels in daily life. However, most researches adopted visual materials, and few researches considered other sensory domains. In the present study, we used auditory-visual materials to investigate the cross-modal memory inhibition, and separated the control instruction and memory cue to test the anticipatory effect. Thirty-one healthy participants who were native speakers of Chinese were recruited from Southwest University, 19 of whom were female. And their average age is 20 (SD=1.73). The stimuli consisted of 64 randomly combined sound-word pairs, and 16 of them were used for practice. The sound materials with 2.5s long were taken from common sounds in daily life, such as dog barking and motorcycle launching. The word materials were nouns with two Chinese characters. The procedure included learning phase, pre-test, Think/No-Think phase and post-test phase. In the learning phase, the participants were required to first passively memorize and then actively learn with feedback. In the Think/No-Think phase, the memory cue was played for 2.5s, followed by a 2.5s blank. The Think/No-Think control instruction was presented with 1s before the memory cue (Hanslmayr et al., 2009). There were 12 repetitions for each trial, and EEG was recorded during the Think/No-think phase. Both the same probe and the independent probe were tested after the Think/No-think phase. We found that the recall performance of suppression condition is significantly worse than that of baseline condition in the independent probe rather than the same probe. Event-related potentials (ERPs) revealed two main findings: 1) in the last 6 repetitions, negativity in the right frontal-central area is enhanced by No-think instruction compared with Think instruction before memory cue presented (300~1000ms); and the difference between two conditions is due to the negative enhancement under the No-think instruction instead of the Think instruction from the first repetition set to the second repetition set; 2) during 500~1500 ms after memory cue presented, positive potential in the central-parietal area related to No-think items is less than that related to Think items, while activity in the right frontal area is reversed; and compared to unlearned items, learned items with No-think instruction induce more positive activity in the right frontal area, while there is no significant difference between learned and unlearned items under Think instruction. The results demonstrated that the active forgetting effect can be achieved on target memory itself with the auditory-visual cross-modal condition. And we verified there was an expected processing before memory suppression if the task instruction was presented in advance. In addition, we found that the continuous inhibition control process under the condition of memory suppression triggers the late positive potentials in the right front. Further researches will need to explore the sources of anticipation and the late inhibition control components, and adopt a variety of sensory materials on the study of cross-modal memory suppression to promote the clinical applicability of the active forgetting effect. Related Articles | Metrics

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The role of stimulus-response association on context-specific proportion congruency effect Ling TAN 2020, (5): 1049-1057.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Interference in conflict tasks has been shown to be modulated by the frequency of congruent trials, a pattern that is usually explained by strategic attentional control. For example, the conflict effect increases or decreases as the proportion of congruent to incongruent trials increases or decreases, a pattern termed the proportion congruency effect. Even when distracting stimuli are mostly congruent in one context (e.g., location) but mostly incongruent in another context (e.g., another location), the congruency effect is modulated by context, creating a context-specific proportion congruent (CSPC) effect. CSPC effects are often attributed to the attentional setting being bound to contextual cues—allowing rapid, context-driven modulation of attention. However, the theory that this effect is due to attentional modulation has been challenged by contingency learning accounts, which hold that the CSPC effect is entirely explained by cognitive control or contingency learning. In the present research we employed the Hedge and Marsh task to clarify the contribution of contingency learning (strengthened S-R associations) to the CSPC effect. We conducted two experiments to investigate this issue. We adopted a 2 (proportion congruency: 75/25 [MC], 25/75 [MI]) × 2 (S-R color mapping: SC rule, AC rule) × 2 (spatial congruency: congruent, incongruent) within-subjects design. In experiment 1, the spatial location of the stimulus was designed as the context cue, 32 participants were recruited to participant in this experiment. In experiment 2, the shape of the stimulus was designed as the context cue; another 32 participants were recruited to participant in this experiment. The two experiments results showed that there was a significant two-way interaction of proportion congruency and spatial congruency, p < .001. The analyses found that in the MC condition (i.e., when the proportion of congruent trials was higher), the standard Simon effect for the SC rule condition increased, whereas the reversed Simon effect for the AC rule condition was no longer apparent, with the Simon effect being significantly smaller in the AC rule condition, p < .001. In contrast, in the MI condition (i.e., when the proportion of congruent trials was lower), the standard Simon effect for the SC rule condition reversed direction (incongruent condition was faster than congruent), and the reversed Simon effect for the AC rule condition increased. The results indicated that interference effects were reversed mainly due to strengthened S-R associations when the stimulus-irrelevant dimension was set as the contextual cue. These results supported the main role of S-R associations on CSPC effect. In conclusion, when the location and shape of the stimuli was as the context cue, the positive Simon effect in the SC rule was reversed in the mostly incongruent condition compared with the mostly congruent condition; in the AC rule, the reversed Simon effect disappeared in the mostly congruent condition compared with the mostly incongruent condition. These results were difficult to be interpreted by the attentional modulation from cognitive control, and it strongly supported the main role of S-R associations on CSPC effect. Related Articles | Metrics

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Which Plays a Dominant Role on Word Skipping: Context Information or Parafoveal Preview? Guo-Li Yan 2020, (5): 1058-1064.  Abstract ( )   PDF   The fact that word skipping occurs quite frequently during natural reading efficiently promotes our reading without any disruption on comprehension. This is because the skipped word can be pre-processed based on information obtained from parafovea or/and context. It has been proved that word skipping is associated with the both aspects of eye movements control (i.e., when and where to move the eye). However, it is still unclear about the mechanism of determining word skipping. Currently, one of the controversial issues of word skipping is whether and how syntactic and semantic plausibility of the context information influence word skipping. By reviewing recent studies about word skipping, it would be helpful for understanding the relationship among the factors that influence word skipping, and for resolving theoretical issues on word skipping. The factors influencing word skipping can be classified into three types, that is, parafoveal preview, context information, and foveal processing load. Among these factors, parafoveal preview and context information affect word skipping in a direct way, while foveal processing load is assumed to affect word skipping via modulating the amount of parafoveal preview. On the other hand, studies in relation to word skipping have provided very weak evidence for the foveal load modulatory effect. Thus, the present study mainly discussed the effects of parafoveal preview and context information. Recent research focused on the issue regarding which one takes a dominant role in determining skipping, parafoveal preview or context information? By reviewing studies on word skipping from both alphabetic language reading and logographic - Chinese reading, it can be concluded that although the processing of context does affect word skipping, information obtained from parafoveal words (especially word length) takes priority in the decision of word skipping. Due to the unique characteristics of Chinese text (e.g., no visual cue for word segmentation, densely packed information), there are some specific effects or issues in Chinese reading comparing to alphabetic language reading, such as the uncertain issue of the unit of word skipping and a “conservative” reading strategy adopted by older adults. These findings have shed light on current eye movement control models, such as E-Z Reader model and SWIFT model, which neglected syntactic and semantic plausibility effects on word skipping. An ideal account for word skipping should consider and distinguish effect sizes caused by parafoveal information and different aspects from context (i.e., predictability, semantic and syntactic plausibility). In future, as Chinese is comprised of characters that occupies a square unit of space, Chinese would be an optimal language to manipulate visual and linguistic information within a certain lexical space which could then minimize possible disruption caused by word length while exploring word skipping. Expending studies of word skipping in Chinese can inspire us with novel thoughts on theoretical issues. Related Articles | Metrics

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Working memory updating and its training effect: the role of transcranial direct current stimulation 2020, (5): 1065-1071.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Working memory updating is an important part of executive function. It refers to the ability to monitor and code new input information in working memory, replace old information with new information, and modify the content of working memory. Previous studies showed that working memory updating could be enhanced via training and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). The improvement of working memory updating has gradually become a hot research topic in the field of cognitive psychology. Here, this review considered the current state of the emerging single-session tDCS and multi-session tDCS coupled with updating literature, and highlighted multi factors that could influence the intervention effect of tDCS on updating, and finally discussed the application and prospect of tDCS coupled with updating training. As one of the non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, tDCS can increase or decrease cortical excitability of local brain areas by modulating NMDA ( N-methyl-D-aspartate) activity. A growing field of cognitive training studies has indicated that tDCS might be a possible way to improve cognitive ability. Neuroimaging studies has also revealed that tDCS could alter neural activities. Therefore, working memory enhancement using tDCS has attracted increased attention over longer time periods. A considerable quantity of single-session studies using tDCS revealed that stimulating left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) could improve verbal updating ability and stimulating right DLPFC could enhance the performance in spatial updating task. Besides, they showed that tDCS could alter working memory performance by modulating the underlying oscillatory brain activity (like alpha bands, theta bands). Although most published studies have provided positive findings, some meta-analysis studies indicated that the efficacy of single-session tDCS on working memory had no evidential value after publication bias correction. This does not mean that the effect of tDCS on working memory updating was invalid. They also showed that frontoparietal network stimulation coupled with working memory updating training might be a promising intervention to improve updating ability. Some studies found that anodal tDCS coupled with n-back training could effectively improve the performance in updating tasks and induce changes in the neuronal regulatory activity. The enhancement effect could be maintained for a certain period and could also transfer to untrained high-order cognitive tasks (like influent intelligence, attention and mathematical). Importantly the emerging literature revealed that notable inconsistency in the effect of tDCS for updating training was observed in various studies. The intervention effect of tDCS could be affected by different parameters, like training tasks, training methods, transfer tasks, follow-up test, stimulation intensity, montage and training spacing. In addition, individual difference (like baseline ability) might be an important factor that affect the efficacy of tDCS on working memory updating. Further studies can focus on this factor and explore the effect of tDCS on working memory updating training across various individuals. Moreover, an important direction for further work might be to study the optimal stimulation parameters (tDCS protocols, training procedure, transfer task selection and follow-up test) with regard to pairing tDCS with working memory updating training so as to obtain the optimal intervention effect. Finally, the ethical issue of tDCS should be considered in future studies. Related Articles | Metrics

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The integration and conflict control in audiovisual processing 2020, (5): 1072-1078.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Multisensory interaction refers to a set of processing in which signals from one sensory modality interact with signals from another sensory modality. Previous researches have focused on two different aspects of the audiovisual interaction: one is how the information from different modalities bind together to produce a multisensory event (audiovisual integration); another is how the brain monitors and resolves conflicts between different modalities. This review article focused on the interaction between auditory and visual modalities, with three parts: the psychological and neural mechanisms of audiovisual integration, and the influence of attention on audiovisual integration; the psychological and neural mechanisms of audiovisual conflict processing, and the influences of attention on audiovisual conflict processing; potential research questions for future studies in this research area. For the psychological mechanisms, previous studies found that participants responded faster to the audiovisual congruent stimuli than to the unisensory (visual or auditory) stimuli, demonstrating that multisensory integration facilitates processing efficiency. Similarly, the incongruent audiovisual stimuli delay the reaction time as compared with the congruent audiovisual stimuli, suggesting a cross-modal conflict effect. Moreover, there are differences between groups of neurological and psychiatric populations (such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia) and control groups in the audiovisual integration and conflict processing, which may help explain the impairment of the cognitive or social functions. For the neural mechanisms, the activation of STC (superior temporal cortex) is stronger for the multisensory stimuli than for the unimodal stimuli, and the suppression of the STC impairs audiovisual integration, suggesting that STC plays a critical role in multisensory integration. Frontal regions show stronger activities in the audiovisual incongruent condition as compared with the congruent condition, indicating audiovisual conflict processing. For the neural dynamic mechanism, previous studies suggested that the audiovisual integration occurs at an early stage (e.g., N1/P2, 100-200 ms) of the information processing, while the audiovisual conflict processing related with the incongruent negativity (Ninc, 200-400 ms). Attention modulates audiovisual integration and conflict control. On the one hand, the salience of the stimulus from one sensory modality will induce a strong neural activity, which will combine with the activity from the other sensory modality and facilitate multisensory integration. On the other hand, the attention also influences multisensory integration in a top-down way, which can be either facilitation or distraction effect. For the audiovisual conflict processing, one of the significant factors is the perceptual load of visual or auditory processing. Previous studies have suggested that the perceptual load of the visual task affects the information processing in the auditory modality. Although lots of studies have investigated the cognitive and neural mechanisms of the audiovisual information processing, there are still questions of theoretic importance that need further investigation. First, the underlying cognitive mechanisms of audiovisual interaction need further investigation. Second, the activities of a single brain area would not be enough to uncover the neural mechanisms underlying the audiovisual interaction. Future studies need to examine the brain connectivity during audiovisual interaction. Third, further studies are needed to investigate the multisensory interaction in the neurological and psychiatric populations. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effect of Parent’s Material Punishments on Sleep Quality of Children：A Moderated Mediation Model Qing-Qi LIU DONG rouchun Zong-Kui ZHOU 2020, (5): 1079-1086.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Abstract With the rapid development of social economy, the environment of children changes a lot, which brings about great pressure to children sleep quality. Sleep quality is one of the important factors which can affect depression and self-esteem. Good sleep quality is associated with higher learning motivation and better school performance. Relevant empirical studies have proved that sleep quality can effectively predict students' academic performance. Since sleep quality is an essential factor for children, it is of great importance to pay more research attention on children sleep quality. Parenting style may be an essential factor affecting children's sleep quality. Parents are increasingly inclined to use material things to shape their children’s behaviors and express their love, which is defined as material parenting. Material punishments involve taking a valued possession from the child, either temporarily or permanently, as a consequence for a misdeed or failure. The material parenting has three components: Conditional material rewards, unconditional material rewards and material punishments, each of which may influence the values a child acquires. Material punishments involve taking a valued possession from the child, either temporarily or permanently, as a consequence for a misdeed or failure. The negative impact of material punishment on children has been confirmed by many studies. And material punishments may be an essential stress for children. It is difficult for children to avoid such pressure through their own adjustment and efforts. Moreover, as a daily stress event accumulated over a long period of time, the negative effect of material punishments may be far more than a single negative life event. Researchers revealed that stress can reduce the individual's sleep quality . So material punishments may do harm to children’s sleep quality. Few research, however, has investigated the underlying mediating mechanism (i.e. how material punishments influence sleep quality) and moderating mechanism (i.e. when material punishments influence sleep quality) in the association between parental material punishments and children sleep quality. Thus, the presesnt study would examine the mediating role of children’s subjective well-being in the relationship between material punishments and sleep quality, and test whether the indirect effect would be moderated by friendship quality of children. A sample of 438 primary school students completed a battery of self–report questionnaires measuring material punishments, sleep quality, subjective well–being , friendship quality. All the measures showed good reliability and validity in the present study. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and the SPSS macro PROCESS which was specifically developed for assessing the complex models including both mediators and moderators. The results indicated:(1) After controlling for gender, grade and FAS, material punishments significantly exerted direct effect on sleep quality and indirect on sleep quality through the mediation of subjective well–being. (2) The indirect effect on sleep quality was moderated by friendship quality with the indirect effect being more potent in children with low friendship quality than in children with high friendship quality. These findings highlight the mediating role of subjective well-being and the moderating role of friendship quality in the effect of material punishments on subjective well–being. It may contribute to a better understanding of the effect of material punishments. Moreover, it can also provide constructive suggestions for protecting and improve subjective well-being and sleep quality of children. Key words material punishments, sleep quality, subjective well–being, friendship quality Related Articles | Metrics

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The Meaning of Life and The Perceived Control of Senior Citizens: The effect of Self-Identity and Policy Support 2020, (5): 1087-1094.  Abstract ( )   PDF   The current research examined four factors that impact the elderly’s quality of life. First, the meaning of life directly affects the mental health and the quality of life of the elderly. Second, the sense of perceived control is an important predictor of the overall physical and mental experience of the elderly. Third, self-identity increases individuals’ perceived value of themselves. Last, policy support perception is related to the available resource that the elderly can utilize to achieve their goals. Through a questionnaire survey of 272 elderly samples (M = 69.25, SD = 7.90), the results showed that 1) the sense of perceived control, self-identity, and policy support perception were all positively correlated to meaning of life. As the elderly had stronger sense of perceived control, this would make them believe they are capable of pursuit of their goals. With higher level of self-identity, the elderly are more lilely to accept themselves, such like values, abilities, and so on. With high policy support perception, they realized there was adequate, sufficient, and available social resource. All these factors contribute to the meaning of life of the elderly. 2) self-identity had significant effect on meaning of life. Besides, it also played as a partial mediating role in the relationship between the sense of perceived control and the meaning of life. 3) policy support perception moderated the relationship between the sense of perceived control and the meaning of life. This indicates that higher policy support perception could enhance the positive effect of the sense of perceived control on life meaning. The results indicate that in the high policy support perception condition, for those with the sense of higher sense of perceived control, they realized that the government provided them adequate support to pursue an ideal life. However, for those with lower sense of perceived control, they could not realize it. In contrast, in the low policy support perception condition, neither did people with high or low level of the sense of perceived control feel additional support from the government. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Co-occurring Patterns of Physical and Relational Aggression and the Stability and Associations With peer Relationship among Adolescents 2020, (5): 1095-1102.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Physical aggression (PA) and relational aggression (RA) are two major types of aggression. Both forms of aggression are associated with multiple psychosocial maladaptation for both attackers and victims, and has long been concerned by theoretical and empirical researchers. Researches demonstrated medium to high degree of correlation between PA and RA, indicating that PA and RA are co-occurring. The extant studies mainly employed latent class growth modelling to examine the associations between developmental trajectories of PA and RA, and provided insights for the co-occurring nature of PA and RA. However, these studies failed to reveal co-occurring patterns of PA and RA, which is better to be identified based on their co-occurring levels. Further, research indicated differential developmental trends of PA and RA, and their correlations varied across age, which suggested that the co-occurring patterns of PA and RA may demonstrate variation across ages. The broad aim of the present study was to identify the heterogenous co-occurring patterns of PA and RA using latent profile analysis (LPA), and their stability across ages. We would also examine the associations between co-occurring patterns with peer acceptance and rejection, by which to provide validity evidence for the co-occurring patterns. A total of 1967 seven-grade (mean age 13.22 ± 0.36 years old, 1018 male) students were investigated and followed for three years. Children’s teachers reported their aggression on eight items of PA and six items of RA from a Chinese version of Child’s Social Behavior Questionnaire. A standardized peer-nomination procedure was used to collect information on children’s peer acceptance and rejection. The measures showed good psychometric properties. The following results were found. (1) Five heterogeneous co-occurring PA & RA patterns were consistently identified at three time points, namely high PA & RA group, moderate PA& RA group, low-to-moderate PA and low RA group, low PA & low-to-moderate RA group, and low PA & RA group. (2) The memberships of adolescents belonging to each co-occurring PA & RA group demonstrated differential stability across ages. Adolescents’ memberships of low PA& RA group were most stable, and followed by high PA & RA group, and adolescents in low PA and low-to-moderate RA group showed the highest transition probability across age. (3) High PA & RA group had the highest level of peer rejection, and the lowest level of peer acceptance, while low PA & RA group demonstrated the opposite in terms of peer rejection, and acceptance, which were consistent with the social information processing deficits model on aggression and peer relationships, and provided evidence for the validity of the heterogenous co-occurring PA & RA groups. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated consistent co-occurring PA & RA patterns during early adolescence which were presented as heterogenous groups of different levels of PA and RA. Further studies on the nature of the co-occurring patterns and co-occurring PA & RA patterns across longer developmental periods were needed. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Influence of Negative Parenting Style on Mental Health among Chinese LGB: Based on Bifactor Model Yan-Wen ZHANG Tour Liu 2020, (5): 1103-1110.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Studies on LGB (L=lesbian, G=gay, B=bisexual) have shown that both their living conditions and mental health are in poor. The biggest source of stress for LGB in China is different from those at in the West and parents play an important role in China. However, there is a little research on the relationship between LGB’s negative parenting style and their mental health in China. In addition, previous methods may be limited in that they only use single-dimensional constructs to measure negative parenting styles. In this study, we explored respectively the relationship of the father and mother negative parenting style (rejection and overprotection) and mental health (depression, anxiety and stress) among Chinese LGB on the basis of social-ecological perspective and multidimensional construct. Data for this study were collected through the website (www.sojump.com). The participants were recruited from Chinese Websites for LGB individuals, such as LGB forums, Dating software of LGB, the QQ groups and WeChat groups of LGB. Participants were completely voluntary and anonymous, and they could decline participation at any time. Participants whose scored 4 on the Kinsey Self-reporting Scale classified as bisexual individual, and which scored among the range of 4 to 7 were classified as gay and lesbian individual. The study sample included 649 LGB individuals, of which 253 (39.0%) were gay individuals and 255 (39.3%) lesbian individuals and 141 (21.7%) bisexual individuals. And participants’ age ranged from 16 to 35 years (M = 24.89, SD = 5.40). All scales used in this study were self-report. Negative parenting style were measured with short-Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran Questionnaires, which contains 26 items on a four-point Likert-type. Mental health was measured with the Chinese versions of The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21Questionnaire which consists of 21 items on a four-point Likert-type. All the measures have good reliability and validity. The following were the main findings in this study. (1) The Bifactor model of negative parenting style is reasonable in Chinese LGB, and the negative parenting styles of fathers and mothers are “much of a muchness”. (2) Bifactor model of negative parenting styles (negative parenting styles of fathers and negative parenting style of mothers) show that both the general factor of negative parenting style and rejection (B = .46, t = 10.71, p < .001; B = .44, t = 9.14, p < .001), one special factor, have negative effect on mental health in Chinese LGB (B = .24, t = 4.03, p < .001; B = .22, t = 3.11, p < .01), while overprotection, another special factor, have positive effect on mental health in Chinese LGB (B = -.19, t = -3.96, p < .001; B =- .18, t = -3.73, p < .001 ). In conclusion, the results make clear how negative parenting styles impacts LGB’s mental health. Firstly, the mental health problems of bisexual groups are more serious than homosexual groups in Chinses. Secondly, we should use multidimensional construct to build the model of negative parenting styles. Thirdly, negative parenting styles have important influence on mental health in Chinese LGB individuals. Last but not the least, there is a special phenomenon in Chinses LGB that the overprotection has protection effect on mental health. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effect of Perceived Stress on College Students' Mobile Phone Addiction: A Serial Mediation Effect of Self-control and Learning Burnout 2020, (5): 1111-1116.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Internet addiction is always a hot topic in psychology. With the rapid development of mobile Internet, mobile phone addiction behavior gradually becomes a new form of addiction. At present, college students are faced with different degrees of mobile phone addiction, which has become a worldwide problem due to its high incidence, high growth rate and susceptibility of serious adverse consequences. In some countries, the incidence of mobile phone addiction among adolescents is about 30%, It’s about 46% among college students, and it is still growing rapidly. College students' mobile phone addiction damages the daily social and psychological functions of users, which may lead to individual physical and psychological problems such as sleep disturbance, attention deficit, depression, anxiety, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to study the influencing factors of college students' mobile phone addiction. Among the factors that influence college students' mobile phone addiction, perceived stress, self-control and learning burnout are strong predictors. So the purpose of this study is to explore the relationship and the influencing mechanism between perceived stress, self-control and learning burnout on college students' mobile phone addiction. Based on previous studies and theoretical models, we proposed the following hypothesis: H1: Perceived stress may lead to college students' mobile phone addiction; H2: Self-control plays a mediating role between perceived stress and college students' mobile phone addiction; H3: Learning burnout plays a mediating role between perceived stress and college students' mobile phone addiction; H4: Perceived stress influences college students' mobile phone addiction through serial mediating effect of self-control and learning burnout. To test the hypothesis, we selected 1000 college students from two universities of Guizhou province , with 380 males and 536 females and 48 missing gender information. The range of the age is from 16 to 24 years old. The questionnaires included the Perceived Stress Scale(PSS), Self-Control Scale(SCS), Learning Burnout Scale(LBS) and Mobile Phone Addiction Scale(MPAS). We used SPSS 25.0 to analyze the data, and the Bias-Corrected Percentile Bootstrap method was used to analyze the serial mediating effect of self-control and learning burnout between perceived stress and mobile phone addiction. The results showed that: (1) Perceived stress had a significantly positive correlation with mobile phone addiction (r=.46, p<.01), and the direct effect value of perceived stress on mobile phone addiction was.29, Boot CI[.14,.44]; (2) The indirect effect value of self-control between perceived stress and mobile phone addiction was.32，Boot CI[.24, .42]; (3) The indirect effect value of learning burnout between perceived stress and mobile phone addiction was.09，Boot CI[.05, .15]; (4)The indirect effect value of serial mediating effect of self-control and learning burnout between perceived stress and mobile phone addiction was.08, Boot CI[.04,.13]. The total effect was.78, and the mediating effect accounted for 62.82% of the total effect. Based on the results above, it points out that perceived stress, self-control and learning burnout are the important influencing factors of college students' mobile phone addiction. Perceived stress affects college students' mobile phone addiction directly and indirectly through serial mediating effect of self-control and learning burnout. Therefore, These findings may contribute to a better way to solve college students’ mobile phone addiction. Moreover, it can provide us some constructive suggestions and measures to prevent and eradicate college students’ mobile phone addiction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cyberbullying Victimization and Cyberbullying Perpetration among Adolescents: the Roles of Normative Beliefs about Aggression and Dual-Mode of Self-Control 2020, (5): 1117-1124.  Abstract ( )   PDF   In recent years, cyberbullying has gradually become a prevalent phenomenon with the sweeping progress of technology. A series of negative effects brought from it like anxiety and depression, have already been confirmed. Besides, researchers found that being subjected to online bullying can lead to deviant behaviors, such as Internet addiction, substance abuse and cyberbullying perpetration. Although prior cyberbullying literature suggests that cyberbullying victimization and cyberbullying perpetration may be in an interlocking process, research about the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this relation is limited. Drawing from the social learning theory and social information processing mechanisms, we proposed normative beliefs about aggression as a potential mediator of the association between cyberbullying victimization and cyberbullying perpetration. Furthermore, not all children are equally influenced by cyberbullying victimization. According to the organism-environment interaction mode, the extent to which an external social factor affects teenagers’ deviant behaviors may vary as a function of one’s personality trait. So we wonder if the direct relations between cyberbullying victimization and cyberbullying perpetration would vary as the function of self-control. The dual-system theory of self-control proposes that self-control should be consist of impulse system and control system. Considering that the dual-system theory of self-control is believed to better explain why some people are more able to control their aggressive behaviors than the others than the single model, this study takes a dual-system perspective. Based on the aforementioned analyses, the present study adopted the questionnaire investigation to explore the relationship between cyberbullying victimization and perpetration among adolescents, the mediating role of normative beliefs about aggression and the moderating role of self-control under this relation. In this study, questionnaires including the revised cyber cullying inventory, the normative beliefs about aggression scale, the dual-mode of self-control scale (including impulse system and control system), and the Olweus bully/victim questionnaire were administrated to 750 junior high school students in Wuhan. After eliminating regular response questionnaires, 619 valid questionnaires were obtained. Among them, there were 336 male students, 259 female students and 24 students with gender item missing. Data were collected and analyzed with SPSS 23.0 and SPSS macro PROCESS. The results indicated: (1) Cyberbullying victimization had a direct and positive effect on cyberbullying perpetration. (2) Normative beliefs about aggression played a mediating role in the relationship between cyberbullying victimization and cyberbullying perpetration. (3) The direct effect of cyberbullying victimization on cyberbullying perpetration was moderated by control system but not impulse system. Specifically, compared with the individuals with higher scores in the control system, the predictive effect of cyberbullying victimization on cyberbullying perpetration was more significant in the adolescents with lower scores in the control system. Our findings indicate that cyberbullying victimization plays an important role in resulting in adolescent’s cyberbullying perpetration. And we confirm the internal mechanisms underlying the relationship above, which will help to design targeted interventions.Adolescents with low control are more likely to adopt non-social adaptive responses such as cyberbullying perpetration because of their lack of problem solving, future time perspective and other abilities. For this part of students, schools and parents should develop strategies to enhance adolescent’s control system. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cross-modal mapping effect between personal name pronunciation and facial type 2020, (5): 1125-1131.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Abstract: Based on the Cross-modal mapping effect relationship between meaningless words and simple geometry, present study explored the relationship between name pronunciation and facial type in social perception. By controlling the lip shape of a person's name pronunciation and the contour of a person's facial outline, we used the simple matching paradigm to investigate whether there is a cross-modal mapping effect between personal name pronunciation and facial type. It turns out that the matching probability of the participants matched round lip names with round face and the flat-lipped personal names with pointed face, both were significantly greater than the random level. The results show that there is?a cross-modal mapping effect between personal name pronunciation and facial type. Up to now, previous studies on sound-shape cross-modal mapping effect have still been focused on the relationship between sound and object geometry. However, people expect the personal specificity of their names to see if it is possible to find a basis for the relationship between the personal name pronunciation characteristics and their faces, this is the question to be discussed in this study. The facial type is a particularly prominent feature in personal appearance. Therefore, the specific exploration of this study is whether there exists a cross-modal mapping between the names pronunciation and facial shapes. Present study used the face synthesis software (PsychoMorph Version 5) to control the facial type without changing other facial features, from the GB2312-80 Chinese character location coding table?to select the unfamiliar and unrecognizable second-level Chinese characters, through the vowel components of Chinese pronunciation to control the Chinese character?pronunciation, so that to control the names?pronunciation. The study adopted the simple matching paradigm using E-prime 2.0 to compile the experimental program. Each trial starts by presenting the fixations, and then presents the personal name pronunciation information, finally shows the two left and right faces, and asks the subjects to determine which names belong to the faces. The restults turn out that the matching probability of the participants matched round lip names with round face and the flat-lipped personal names with pointed face, both were significantly greater than the random level. The results show that there is?a cross-modal mapping effect between personal name pronunciation and facial type. People tend to match names pronounced with round lips and round faces as well as match the name of the flat lip with the pointed faces. The results not only support the theoretical hypothesis of the personal name?pronunciation and facial type?share perceptual attributes, and support us from the perspective of psychological processing to put forward a new theoretical hypothesis, i.e., the fluency of cognition might also contribute to the matching effect between pronuciation and shape. Present study revealed that people have cognitive stereotype of the pronunciation of a specific name with its specific facial type. This is not only broadens the research scope of sound-shape cross-modal mapping, but also has a certain guiding significance for people to choose their names. Related Articles | Metrics

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“What is Beautiful is Good” or “Too Much of a Good Thing”？How Facial Attractiveness Influences Job-related Well-being in Workplace 2020, (5): 1132-1139.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Attractive people enjoy many social and economic advantages. Most literature find the effect of “what is beautiful is good”, which means facial attractiveness positively related with subjective well-being. Recent studies reveal the inverted U shape relationship between facial attractiveness and income. However, when it comes to workplace literature, no study has been drawn on the relationship between facial attractiveness and job-related well-being or income. This study base on conservation of resource theory, investigated the effect of “too much of a good thing” i.e., inversed U shape relation between facial attractiveness and job-related well-being, as well as the mediating effect of income distributive justice and the boundary condition (profile of job demand and control). Thus this study provides important implications for facial attractiveness theory, as well as the new practice for human resource management activities such as employee selection, allocation and retention. Data were collected from 1078 dyads of employees and their interviewers from variety of industries (e.g., sales, administration, education, manufacturing, lodging, catering, finance, healthcare). The questionnaire for employee included job-related well-being, income distributive justice, job demand and job control. Facial attractiveness was rated by 2 interviewers, scores correlation coefficient is 0.87. The internal consistency coefficient of job demand, job control, distributive justice, positive job related well-being and negative job related well-being is 0.81, 0.85, 0.83,0.89 and 0.88 respectively. Moreover, demographic variables (gender, age, education, marriage), organizational variables (work experience, income) and physical variables (body mass index, height) are controlled according prior studies. Theoretical hypothesis were tested by polynomial hierarchical regression. As the result showed, controlling the effect of control variables (gender, age, education, tenure, income, body mass index, and height), facial attractiveness had inversed U shape impact on job-related well-being; meanwhile, the three-way interaction effect between facial attractiveness, job demand and job control has also shown to be significant. Specially, the inversed U shape facial attractiveness-job-related well-being relation was stronger for the active job, where scored high on job demand while simultaneously high on job control; under passive job (i.e., low demand/ low control), low strain job (i.e., low demand/ high control), and high strain job (i.e., high demand/ low control), the curvilinear relation between facial attractiveness and job-related well-being was weak. Following the procedure of mediation analysis, distributive justice was found mediated the relationship of facial attractiveness, the three-way interaction (facial attractiveness2×demand×control) to job-related well-being. The present study demonstrated that, facial attractiveness in workplace not only has effect of what is beautiful is good, but also has effect of too much of a good thing. Employees would achieve highest well-being on the higher-than-average facial attractiveness (6.88). From the perspectives of “what is beautiful is good” effects and “too much of a good thing” effects, it could be referred that, higher-than-average facial attractiveness, rather than the highest facial attractiveness, would help acquiring “what is beautiful is good” effects and avoiding “too much of a good thing” effects. Thus, it is indicated that managers should pay attention to above effects and employees’ job-related well-being, however, are inadvisable to pursue the highest attractive employees simply. More important, the effect of facial attractiveness was moderated by job demand and control. When in the situation of high demand and high control, which helps invoked employees’ motivation, facial attractiveness has the strongest “what is beautiful is good” effects and “too much of a good thing” effects. The last contribution is that the mediating effect of income distributive justice has been proved. For controlling “too much of a good thing” effects, it should be worth trying for managers to stimulate employees’ income distributive justice. Related Articles | Metrics

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Fear of Missing Out and Social Networking Sites Addiction: A Moderated Mediation Model Yongxin Zhang Zhou Zongkui 2020, (5): 1140-1146.  Abstract ( )   PDF   The use of social networking sites (SNSs) has increased dramatically over the last few years. As of December 2018, the number of Wechat users in China reached 691 million, which was the most popular SNS in China. Whereas SNSs use may be entertaining and provide opportunities to interact with friends, excessive use can lead to SNSs addiction and associated problems such as depression and insomnia. Prior studies have investigated the relationship between fear of missing out (FoMO) and SNSs addiction based on the Uses and Gratification theory. The present study has taken anther theoretical perspective by adopting the Limited Resource Model of Self-Control (LRMSC). According to the LRMSC, FoMO may increase the risk for SNSs addiction by increasing ego depletion; that is, FoMO may lead to ego depletion, which in turn would predict SNSs addiction. Furthermore, individual differences in relational-interdependent self-construal (RISC) may moderate this mediation process, in that high RISC individuals may be more vulnerable to ego depletion than low RISC individuals. In sum, we proposed a moderated mediation model to account for SNSs addiction. Specifically, we tested the relationship between FoMO and SNSs addiction, the mediating effect of ego depletion, and the moderating effect of RISC, in a sample of college students. The participants of this study were 526 college students (mean age = 19.56 years, SD = 0.87 year; 253 males, 273 females) who had been using SNSs everyday. The participants completed a battery of questionnaires, including the Fear of Missing Out Scale, Self-Control Resource Depletion Scale, Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal Scale, and SNS Addiction Scale. The proposed moderated mediation model was tested using regression analysis and the PROCESS macro. Previous studies have suggested that SNSs addiction may differ by gender. Hence, the effect of gender was controlled in all analyses. Results showed that: (1) FoMO positively predicted SNSs addiction in college students. (2) Ego depletion partially mediated this association. (3) This mediating effect was moderated by RISC, in that it was stronger for students with high RISC than for those with low RISC. The present study is the first to demonstrate the detrimental impact of FoMO and the moderated mediation effect of ego depletion and RISC on SNSs addiction based on the LRMSC. Scholars used to explain the process of SNSs addiction formation from the Uses and Gratification theory, few studies adopt the LRMSC. Our findings provide further evidence of FoMO in the risk for SNSs addiction and the central role of ego depletion as an impulsive control disorder in the association. Therefore, the LRMSC provided an ideal theoretical direction for the study of SNSs addiction, and future research could further examine whether there were other factors that influence SNSs addiction by ego depletion. Our findings also have potential applied value with regard to SNSs addiction in college students. Firstly, FoMO originated from dissatisfaction of basic psychological needs for autonomy, relatedness and competence. Satisfy college students’ basic psychological needs could reduce their FoMO and risk for SNSs addiction. Secondly, it is reasonable to recovery individuals’ self-control resources and abilities to avert SNSs addiction. Thirdly, it is better to pay more attention to those college students with high RISC involved FoMO and SNSs addiction. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Promotion Effect and Mechanism of Common Ingroup Identity on Psychological Compatibility Fang-Mei LIANG Yan BAO Yu-Fang ZHAO 2020, (5): 1147-1153.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Abstract The improvement of intergroup relationship by common ingroup identity model has been supported by several studies, however, those studies take the reduction of intergroup bias as the main indicator of intergroup relationship improvement. Although eliminating negative intergroup attitudes is an important way to improve intergroup relations, fostering or promoting positive intergroup attitudes is equally important. It’s known that psychological compatibility is an important manifestation of intergroup harmony. Therefore, the current study focuses on the promoting effect of common ingroup identity on psychological compatibility. Two experiments were conducted to explore whether common ingroup identity can promote psychological compatibility and its psychological mechanism. Experiment 1 recruited college students(N=102) who were randomly divided into 3-person groups. We manipulated common ingroup identity by re-categorization and measured explicit psychological compatibility (the psychological distance and feeling thermometer as the two indicators). The results showed that common ingroup identity within the group psychological distance was significantly closer to that of the separate group, and the feeling temperature of the outgroup of common ingroup identity was significantly higher than that of the separate group; A total number of 84 ethnic minorities college students took part in experiment 2 which took 2 (group categorization: common ingroup vs. separate group) x 2 (ethnic: Bourau vs. Hmong) between-participants designs. This experiment further verified the common ingroup identity for the promotion of psychological compatibility effect, and explored the relationship between the mechanism. The results showed that: (1) On explicit psychological compatibility, there was a main effect for group categorization. The psychological distance of the common ingroup identification group was significantly closer to that of the separate group, and the feeling temperature of the outgroup in the common ingroup identification group was significantly higher than that of the separate group; (2) On implicit psychological compatibility (GNAT), the main effect of group categorization was significant. The Sensitivity index of the common ingroup identification group was significantly higher than that of the separate group, the response of the subjects in the group with common ingroup identity to “non- ethnic + self-words” was significantly lower than that of the separate group; (3) With perceive similarities as mediating variables, group categorization as independent variables, as well as the explicit psychological compatibility and implicit psychological compatibility as the dependent variable respectively, the mediating effect was tested by the Bootstrap method. The results showed that the mediating effect of perceived similarity was significant. Two experiments proved that common ingroup identity can promote psychological compatibility at both explicit and implicit levels measurement, and its promoting effect was realized through perceived similarity. The present expands the Common Ingroup Identity Model from the explicit level to the implicit level. It provides evidences on the implicit level for the common ingroup identity to make the former outgroup closer to the self and shorten the intergroup psychological distance, which also confirms the validity of GNAT paradigm in the research of psychological compatibility.It's also found that the promotion of intergroup psychological compatibility by common ingroup identity is achieved through perceived similarity, this discovery provides an effective practical strategy for realistic social management. Related Articles | Metrics

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The effects of Relationship and Self-concept on Meaning in life: A Longitudinal Study 2020, (5): 1154-1161.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Meaning in life is an ongoing theme because the human pursue meaning in life across their whole life. The human request for their own unique sense of meaning links to their efforts to cope with their anxiety for the unavoidable death. Meaning in life is extracted from the individuals' understanding of themselves, their environment and their relationships with the environment, which mainly involve self-concept and relationship. To clarify self-concept and improve relationship are the key and useful methods to construct human's sense of meaning in life. Self-concept includes the cognitive component regarding who I am and the evaluation component regarding how I feel about myself. It focuses on the content and organization of self-knowledge. A stable and clear self-concept enables individuals to understand themselves, the world and relatedness to the world more accurately, and to understand their life experiences from the perspectives of a long-term goal and a higher level, and then to grasp the meaning which is hided in various life events. Also, relationship is an important factor which affect meaning in life. In essence, meaning is relational and the mental representation of various relations among things. And during the interaction with the world, individuals acquire sense of self and sense of confirmation, so as to construct their self-concept. Individuals establish their self-concepts by getting feedbacks from relationships. By comparing these feedbacks, individuals can answer the fundamental questions about who they are. In sum, relationship will influence the construction of meaning in life by influencing their self-perception and evaluation, that is, self-concept. In order to explore the effects of relationship and self-concept on meaning in life, and test the role of self-concept in the association of relationship and meaning in life, the present study surveyed 1087 students from three colleges for twice during a year, using the Wallace Self Concept Scale(WSCS), the Balanced Measure of Psychological Needs Scale(BMPN), and the Presence of Meaning subscale in Meaning in Life Questionnaire(MLQ-P). Results show that (1) there is a positive correlation of simultaneity and succession among relationship, self-concept and meaning in life; (2) relationship, self-concept and meaning in life can predict with each other at both Time 1 and Time 2; (3) and most importantly, both of relationship and self-concept are the antecedents of meaning in life, as well as self-concept serving as a mediator in the association of relationship and meaning in life. In other words, relationship affected meaning in life via self-concept in college students. These findings suggest that the sense of meaning in life will be improved by the improvement of relationship and self-concept. That is, to actively participate in social interactions with a self-affirming heart. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Influence of Perceivers' and Actors' Rich or Poor states on Spontaneous Trait Inferences 2020, (5): 1162-1168.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Spontaneous trait inferences (STIs) are trait inferences that occur unintentionally, almost effortlessly, and usually without awareness, simply from exposure to behaviors that imply traits.. Prior research has demonstrated that STIs the salient features(e.g., gender) of both the actors and perceivers influence the formation of STIs. Money is a fundamental part of our social life and has been found to have profound effects on people’s thoughts, feelings, motivations, and behaviors. However, little attention has been paid to whether the perceivers' and actors' rich or poor states affect the formation of individuals’ STIs. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to examine the influence of the perceivers' and actors' rich or poor states on individuals’ STIs. To be specific, using a probe recognition paradigm, three studies were performed to examine the influence of perceivers’ and actors’ rich or poor states on STIs. Study 1 examined the effects of the perceivers’ rich and poor states on the formation of STIs. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions that were manipulated in two steps. Each participant first played the board game Monopoly with a experimenter. After 7 min, the game was cleared except for differing amounts of play money. Participants in the high-money condition were left with a large amount of Monopoly money($2000),and participants in the low-money condition were left with restricted amount of Monopoly money ($50). For high and low-money participants, the play money remained in view for the second part of the manipulation. At this step, participants were asked to imagine a future with abundant finances (high money) or with strained finances (low money). Finally, all the participants completed a memory task. It was found that participants with high money priming (the rich perceiver) were more likely to draw STIs from behaviors than participants with low money priming (the poor perceiver). Study 2 examined whether the rich/poor stereotypes associated with the actor’s rich/poor states influence the formation of STIs, and found that for the rich actor, the participants were more likely to draw STIs from the rich stereotype-consistent behaviors than from the rich stereotype-inconsistent behaviors, however, participants did not make STIs from the poor actor’s behaviors regardless of their consistency with the poor stereotypes . Study 3 further examined the interactive effects of the perceivers’ and actors’ rich or poor states on the STIs. The results showed that compared with the participants with low money priming, participants with high money priming were more likely to draw STIs from the rich stereotype-consistent behaviors than from the rich stereotype-inconsistent behaviors, indicating that the rich perceivers, but not the poor perceivers, is more likely be influenced by the stereotypes of the rich when they draw STIs. The current study is the first to show that indivituals’ rich and poor states have significant influences on their implicit impression formation, and provided new evidence for the flexible formation of STIs. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Influence Mechanism for Public Injustice on Collective Behavior under the Context of Policy Execution 2020, (5): 1169-1175.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Abstract: In current society, public collective behaviors triggered by local government policy executing deviations or improper administrative damages to the public interest have occurred from time to time, which has brought great harm to social stability and government reputation. In order to further explore the influence mechanism for public injustice on collective behavior under the context of policy executing deviations. A typical sampling method was used to select 1756 publics from 60 counties (cities) in Guizhou,Jiangxi,and Shandong provinces for questionnaire survey. The questionnaire contains five aspects: policy executing deviations, injustice, authority blameworthiness, angry feeling, and collective behavior intentions. In the process of the survey, questionnaire surveys were used for household surveys. Each household was a unit, and the participants completed the questionnaire independently under the guidance of the investigators. The research results show that: (1) In the context of policy executing deviations, the public injustice is significantly predicting the public collective behavior. Moreover, the authority blameworthiness has also mediated the relationship between public injustice perception and public collective behavior. In the context of policy executing deviations, due to negative outcomes are often closely connected to procedural injustices and unfair interactions, the public has a higher governmental authority blameworthiness and ultimately affect the public collective behavior. (2) In the context of policy executing deviations, the public angry feeling mediates the impact of public injustice on public collective behavior. The angry feeling is closely connected to the direct confrontation on aggressors, punishment behavior, reprisal and so on. When people experience anger, anger can drive people to correct injurious acts and prevent possible injustices in the future. Specific to this study, the more the public perceives injustice, the public will have more strong anger and generate collective behavior under the influence of angry feeling. This also shows that in the impact of unfair perception on collective behavior, there is also a same processing path: cognition→emotion→behavior. (3) In the context of policy executing deviations, the intermediary chain consisted of authority blameworthiness and angry feeling mediated the relationship between public injustice and collective behavior. The more the public perceives injustice, the public will have more strong authority blameworthiness, and generate angry feeling under the influence of authority blameworthiness, and further triggers collective behavior. In short, unfair perception will make the individual blame externally. When the individual thinks that the other person or entity should be blamed for the violation, the individual will experience the external negative emotions such as anger, and generate negative behavioral responses under the influence of external angry feeling. The results of this study have certain implications for local government authorities at all levels to respond to mass disturbances caused by the public interest under the damage of policy executing deviations. Firstly, local government authorities at all levels should pay attention to appease and eliminate the public angry feeling when dealing with mass disturbances caused by policy executing deviations, and alleviate the public anger in the context of policy executing deviations, which can decrease the motivation of the public to participate in collective behavior, so that achieve the possibility of decreasing public participation in collective behavior, especially destructive non-canonical collective behavior. Secondly, local governments at all levels should also pay attention to decreasing the authority blameworthiness in the context of policy executing deviations, especially paying attention to the fairness and justice of procedures and the scientific rationality of working methods, and to be patient and meticulous in the communication during work. To achieve decreasing the public angry and the possibility of participating in collective behavior by decreasing the authority blameworthiness of government. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effect of Attention Bias on Memory Bias in College Students with Defensive Self-esteem 2020, (5): 1176-1182.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Abstract Individuals with defensive self-esteem is associated with aggressive and defensive behavior. Defensive self-esteem is characterized by processing biases for aggressive information. Processing biases for aggressive information may be maintenance factors for aggressive behavior. Despite a wealth of studies examining the processing biases (at the level of attention and memory) for aggressive information in individuals with defensive self-esteem, little is known about relationships between different processing biases. The purpose in this study was to explore whether attention bias has an impact on memory bias in college students with defensive self-esteem. Participants were asked to respond to Rosenberg’s (1965) Self-Esteem Scale and completed the implicit association task (IAT). According to the results of the tests, the defensive self-esteem group (a combination of high explicit and low implicit self-esteem) was selected. And a total of 61 participants were selected. 61 participants were randomly assigned to a attention training (n = 31) or control group (n = 30). The attention modification program (AMP) was followed by a memory task during which novel aggressive and neutral words were presented. Memory for words presented in memory task was tested using incidental free recall. In attention task, attention bias index was subjected to a 2 (group: training group vs. control group) × 2 (measurement time: pre-training vs. post-training) mixed-factors ANOVA. The interaction between group and measurement time reached significance [F(1,59) = 10.23，p = .002，ηp2 = .148]. Further analysis indicated that at pre-training there was no difference in attention bias index between the two groups. But there was a significant difference in attention bias index between the two groups at post-training. Specifically, the attention bias index of the training group was significantly lower than that of the control group. In addition, the training group showed a significant reduction in attention bias index from pre- to post-training, while the difference of attention bias index of the control group from pre- to post-training was not significant. For the memory task, the number of recalled items were subjected to a 2 (group: training group vs. control group) × 2 (word valence: aggressive vs. neutral) mixed-factors ANOVA. The interaction between group and word valence reached significance [F(1,59) = 8.34，p = .005，ηp2 = .124]. Further analysis indicated that training group had significantly worse recall than control group for aggressive words, but not for netural words. In addition, control group showed enhanced memory for aggressive words compared with netural words, whereas training group showed no memory bias. These results indicate that AMP could directly change automatic attention process that is hypothesized to contribute to the development and maintenance of aggressive behavior. Attention bias could be one of the causes of trait-congruent memory in college students with defensive self-esteem. Further researches should examine whether the training generalizes over time and can also be applied successfully in college students with defensive self-esteem. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Impact of Poverty on Executive Function 2020, (5): 1183-1189.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Poverty has negative effects on individuals’ physical and mental health. Due to the lack of material resources and environmental stimulation, the cognitive ability of individuals living in poverty will be impaired, especially their executive function. Executive function is a series of advanced cognitive processes closely related to attention, including working memory, cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control. This paper firstly mainly introduces the behavioral evidence that poverty affects executive function. Secondly, it analyses the correlation between poverty and the brain area related to executive function, namely the prefrontal lobe. The third one is the pathway that poverty indirectly affects executive function. From the perspective of cognitive plasticity, this paper believes that future research should pay more attention to the cognitive training of poor individuals, so as to compensate for the differences in cognitive ability between the poor and those with higher socio-economic status, which is of practical significance. The effect of poverty on executive function exists in infancy, childhood and adulthood. The result of behavioral experiments shows that poverty is negatively correlated with infants’ executive function performance, and poverty predicts their executive function level in early childhood. Poverty affects the executive attention of children, primarily in relation to attentional control and filtering irrelevant information. Taking adolescents as subjects, the study found that the poor group performed significantly lower on working memory tests and cognitive control tests. For adults, the results were similar. With the help of neurobiological methods, the techniques of event-related potential (ERP) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are used to explore the neural mechanism of poverty affecting executive function, and it is found that poverty is related to the structure of the individual's frontal lobe. Poor children have a smaller volume of gray matter in the frontal lobe, and their development lags behind. Lower family income is associated with smaller prefrontal surface area in children. Poor adolescents may have thinner frontal lobes due to a lack of cognitive stimulation. Poverty affects prefrontal function more than any other area of the brain. Poor children have difficulty in selective attention. When performing functional tasks, poor individuals and the non-poor have different ways of invoking resources in the frontal lobe. Poor individuals need to use additional compensation resources to monitor and inhibit responses to distractive stimuli, showing a pattern similar to that observed in patients with prefrontal lobe damage. Poverty indirectly affects an individual’s executive function through mediating variables such as stress, cognitive deprivation, and passive parenting. Current studies have fully demonstrated that stress and cognitive stimulation are proximal factors of poverty affecting executive function. Future research should focus on the moderator variable of poverty influencing executive function (such as self-affirmation and self-regulation) to buffer the negative effects of poverty on cognition. At the same time, a comprehensive model of poverty’s impact on executive function should be established (for example, duration of poverty, etc.), so as to make certain the possible causal relationship between poverty and executive function in a more comprehensive and in-depth way. More importantly, based on the plasticity of executive function, future studies should conduct more cognitive interventions for poor people. They transfer the results of cognitive training to their lives to help them perform better in work and study. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Physiological and Psychological Mechanisms of Bedtime Procrastination 2020, (5): 1190-1196.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Bedtime procrastination is a new concept in the field of health behavior procrastination. It can be described as going to bed later than intended, without having external reasons for doing so. Recent studies have reported that bedtime procrastination is an important factor related to sleep insufficiency in the general population and leads to serious consequences in the area of health behavior, especially harmful sleep outcomes. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms of bedtime procrastination may provide a new approach to solving sleep deficiency in the general population. The present article reviewed almost all previous studies on bedtime procrastination. First, we summarized the causes of bedtime procrastination. Second, we reviewed the theoretical explanations of the physiological and psychological mechanisms concerning bedtime procrastination behavior. Third, we proposed a hypothesis to explain the process of bedtime procrastination, using temporal self-regulation theory. Fourth, future research directions were prospected. Previous studies have proved that predisposing factors for bedtime procrastination mainly focus on a series of bedtime activities. Bedtime procrastination may be induced by aversion to bedtime routines and by losing track of time during immersive activities before sleeping. The mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of bedtime procrastination are still unclear. However, self-regulation and biological rhythm may explain the occurrence of bedtime procrastination. Some studies have shown that bedtime procrastination is regarded as a form of self-regulatory failure and reflects an intention-behavior gap. People with low self-control are more likely to put instant gratification over long-term goals and therefore are inclined to procrastinate bedtime before sleeping. Other studies have further revealed that bedtime procrastination is related to the depletion of self-regulatory resources because self-control depletion increases the propensity to procrastinate bedtime. From this point of view, self-control is primarily regarded as a trait. However, another study emphasizes the role of self-control as a state and draws the opposite conclusion that people with less self-regulatory resources available before sleeping show lower bedtime procrastination. The physiological mechanism of bedtime procrastination mainly focuses on chronotype, which is a typical manifestation of biological rhythm and represents the individual’s preferred time of falling asleep and waking up. Eveningness (evening chronotype preference) may account for higher bedtime procrastination because the individual’s biological clock prefers sleeping later at night. To sum up, views on bedtime procrastination as a physiological-psychological phenomenon in sleep-related health behavior procrastination could help to provide a deeper understanding of bedtime procrastination. Temporal self-regulation theory may be an optimum choice to explain the procedures of bedtime procrastination behavior. According to this theory, the occurrence of bedtime procrastination may result not only from the relatively weak intentions to go to bed on time but also from the interference of behavioral prepotency or inadequate self-regulatory capacity during the transformation from intention to health behavior. This review also provided some suggestions for future research. Studies are necessary to explore the physiological-psychological mechanisms of bedtime procrastination further and to dig into the neurological mechanisms of bedtime procrastination. Intervention measures that are more effective and based on the underlying mechanisms and theoretical explanations of bedtime procrastination also need to be produced. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Effect of Economic Inequality on Perception of Class Mobility: A Review Yue ZHAGN Yi DING 2020, (5): 1197-1203.  Abstract ( )   PDF   In this review, we focus on the relationship between economic inequality (EI) and perception of class mobility (PCM) and its psychological mechanisms. Perception of class mobility refers to individuals’ subjective judgments regarding the likelihood of the change of individual’s relative rank in a hierarchical society. High and rising EI has led to widespread concern about the attainability of socioeconomic success and upward mobility. Indeed, some evidence has found that PCM decreased significantly when people perceived higher level of EI. However, other researches have showed that EI might promote PCM as well. Specifically, in addition to underestimating and even tolerant the scope of EI, people may also be quite optimistic about the likelihood of moving up the social ladder. Consequently, EI has shown both promotion and suppression effects on PCM. Based on the perspective of social psychology, we describe several psychological mechanisms that are responsible for the relationship between EI and PCM. Firstly, EI may have a suppression effect on PCM due to the attribution of rich-poor gap. Previous research demonstrates that as EI rises, people increasingly attribute rich-poor gap to external factors that are beyond a person's control (vs. internal dispositions), and therefore expect class mobility to drop. Secondly, due to the self-enhancement motive, EI may have a promotion effect on PCM as well. That is, self-enhancement motive may be activated or aroused due to EI, which can lead to a higher level of PCM. Moreover, researchers have also focused on the moderating role of several other psychological factors. Specifically, perceptual bias for EI, stability of EI, social class, system-justifying belief as well as essentialist implicit theories of social class categories may moderate the relation between EI and PCM. The study of the relationship between EI and PCM is in the ascendant, and there are many points for further study. Firstly, the relationship between EI and PCM in China should be clarified. Both concept and measurement of the PCM remain a matter of some debate, which is considered to be one of the reasons for the inconsistency of the conclusion. Furthermore, quantifying the degree of EI will help to explore the relationship between the two variables. Secondly, the mechanisms model of the relationship between EI and PCM need further verification and improvement. Previous researches explored the mediating effect and moderating effect between EI and PCM, however, little is known about the relationship between these mediators and moderators. Moreover, other moderators such as the experience of class mobility should be considered as well. That is, compared to those experienced downward mobility, those who experienced upward mobility may hold more beliefs in class mobility in both high and low economic inequality contexts. Thirdly but not lastly, previous research demonstrated that lower perception of class mobility was negatively associated with both social cohesion and individuals’ behaviors related to socioeconomic success, thus future study should also explore interventions that could minimize the suppression effect of EI on PCM. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Accuracy of Deception Detection: Influence Factors and Improving Approaches 2020, (5): 1204-1210.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Deception and deception detection is a common phenomenon in our daily lives. In social interaction, when a person makes a deliberate attempt to mislead others, no matter successful or not, the behavior is defined as deception. While deception detection is the behavior to make a judgment about whether the person is telling the truth or not. In psychological studies, human deception detection ability has long been an important research concern. The present study focuses on human beings’ performance in deception detection, and further analyze the reasons and point out ways to improve. First, the study introduced general findings on the accuracy of deception detection. In deception detection, the typical paradigm is the lie detection test. During the test, the participants are asked to watch some videotapes carefully and make judgments about whether the target in the video was lying or not. The participants are not given any additional information about the targets in the test, therefore, the only information that could be used is the targets’ verbal and nonverbal behavior. Meta-analysis studies showed that the accuracy of deception detection is about 54%, which is only slightly better than chance. Moreover, accuracy is not related to the judge’s confidence level, age, experience, education, and sex. Thus, human beings are poor at detecting deception. Then, the study investigated factors contributing to the accuracy of deception detection in social interactive perspective, and do further analysis in the framework of Brunswik’s lens model. From a social interaction perspective, two aspects are the most relevant in explanation of the failures in deception detection. The first is whether the liars leaked valid cues to deception. According to cue theories, the difference of mental states between liars and truth-tellers would be reflected on the observable behaviors. However, meta-analysis studies showed that cues to deception are generally faint and unreliable. The fact that there is no Pinocchio’s nose in deception makes deception detection a difficult task. The second is whether the observers rely on valid cues to detect deceit. Survey studies by the self-report method have shown that wrong beliefs about cues to deception are universal, which might result in using wrong cues (e.g., gaze aversion) in deception detection. However, studies using correlational measurement revealed that people indeed use valid cues in deception detection. The controversial results indicate that there is a dual-processing system in deception detection. Although we could use valid cues in the unconscious level, the judgment might be interfered by invalid cues. Besides, the Brunswik’s lens model help to determine which is the primary reason for the low accuracy, and the meta-analytic results suggested that no objective cues to deception is the initial reason. Third, based on the result of Brunswik’s lens model analysis, the study suggested two approaches to improve deception detection accuracy. The first approach is strategic questioning, which includes interviewing with an information-gathering style, asking unanticipated questions, and strategic use of evidence, etc. The second is imposing cognitive load, such as telling the story in reverse order and keep eye contact with the interview, etc. Both ways benefit the deception detection accuracy. Last but not least, we proposed two directions that are worth researching. One is about extending application of the Brunswik’s lens model in deception detection, such as in different populations and situations. The other is to explore the influence of top-down factors, e.g., stereotypes and prejudice in person perception, on the accuracy of deception detection. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Stronger Crowding Perception, the Higher Need for Self-expression? The Influence of Crowding Perception on Money Donation 2020, (5): 1211-1219.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Many situational factors can affect individuals’ intention to donate money. For instance, previous studies have proved that background music and sweet smell can promote individuals’ prosocial behaviors. Individuals always experience crowded environments and under such conditions they sometimes have to response to money donation appeals. No previous research has explored the influence of individuals’ crowding perception on money donation behavior. To fill this gap, in the present study we propose and prove that individuals’ crowding perception can facilitate their money donation behavior. Individual’s physical proximity is close when exposure to crowding and so with psychological distance. Individuals feel higher self-others overlap and lower self-other distinction in crowded environments than non-crowded environments. Further those feeling induce a group level identity which threat to individual self-concept clarity. Individuals seek a balance between self-identity and collective identity. However, those crowded environments with dehumanizing characteristic blur self-identity and further activates the individuals’ need for self-expression. The larger the group, the stronger the need for self-expression. The need for self-expression activated by crowding perception makes individuals be more concerned about the moral cues and respond more positively to the monetary donation appeals. Simply put, individual response to money donation appeals positively in crowded environments as it can satisfy the need for self-expression which evoked by crowding perception. Four Studies (474 participants contained) were conducted to test the crowding perception on money donation by applying three different stimuli to manipulate crowding perception and by measuring two types of monetary donation in three contexts. Specifically, the stimuli of the donation appeal scenario and money donation measurement items in study 1 study 2A and study 2B are different. Based on study 2A, study 2B changes the scenario of donation appeal, and further shown a converging evidence that crowding perception increases the intention of money donation. Based on study 2B, study 3 changes the crowding manipulation stimuli again, and further verifies the mediation effect of need for self-expression. The results of all four studies show that the crowding perception promotes individuals’ money donation behavior. Taking the result of study 1 as an example: compared with the non-crowded condition, the participants are more willing to donate money in the crowded condition (M crowded = 5.575，SD = 1.303；M non-crowded =4.451，SD=1.362；F（1,126）= 22.736，p < .001，ηp2 = .153）. The result of study 4 reveals the mediation of need for self-expression in the influence of crowding on money donation intention (β= .3940， 95% CI = [.0835, .8700]). In conclusion, individuals’ need for self-expression is activated by the crowding (vs. non-crowding) perception. Individuals in crowded condition have a stronger need for self-expression and are driven to be more responsive to money donation appeals. They show stronger intention to donate money, and have more monthly and annual money donations. The present study enriches the antecedents research of monetary donation by exploring the effect of the perception of crowding in the environment. More importantly, the present study innovatively explores the mediation role of individual’s need for self-expression in the influence of crowding perception on money donation. It makes the most contribution and is the highlight of our present work. The research results further deepen the existing crowding research and expand the theoretical applicability of prosocial behavior in non-profit organizations. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Impact of Short-video use on depression of female undergraduate: A chain mediating model of self-objectification and body satisfaction Tong Zhao 2020, (5): 1220-1226.  Abstract ( )   PDF   With the development of mobile device, Short-video is rapidly emerging as the way of the multi-dimensional information spread. At the same time, it also set off a new pursuit of beauty among the youth. Under the influence of this trend, the aesthetic orientation of young people is consistent with the orientation of media, which leads to the widespread acceptance of some extreme evaluation criteria of pursuit of visual stimulation. Studies have shown that contacting ideal images in the media frequently may reduce body satisfaction and produce negative psychological consequences such as depression. For female college students, the problems of body image are an important risk factor for their depression. However, the media in the previous studies mostly spread information through text and picture, which is a static way, for example social networking site. This obviously cannot adapt to the era when media develop fast. As a result, this study focuses on Short-video that is the dynamic way of communication. The study found that compared to other types of media, video can trigger a higher arousal state for individuals. In addition, the content of Short-video has the characteristics of homogenization and fragmentation, which greatly deepens the individual's feelings towards it. The time limit of Short-video also increases the amount of information that an individual can obtain in unit time. Massive information intensities the cognitive load of individuals, making their cognition overload, further aggravating the psychological pressure. Therefore, this study intends to explore the influence of Short-video use on depression and its mechanism. Self-objectification and body satisfaction were introduced as two variables to study the relationship between Short-video use and depression as well as the possible mechanism underlying the relationship between Short-video use and female college students' depression. This study focused on the chain mediating role of both Self-objectification and body satisfaction between Short-video use and female undergraduates' depression. A survey research method was adopted in which the Short-video Use Intensity Scale, the Self-Objectification Scale, the Body Satisfaction Scale as well as the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale were administered to 366 female undergraduate. The results indicated: (1) The relationships between each pair of Short-video use, and self-objectification as well as depression, were significantly positive. However, Short-video use, self-objectification as well as depression were all negatively correlated with body satisfaction. Short-video use not only had direct effect on depression, but also could significantly predict self-objectification and body satisfaction; self-objectification could significantly predict body satisfaction; body satisfaction could significantly predict depression. (2) Short-video use not only had direct effect on depression, but also could affect female undergraduates' depression through two indirect paths: through the mediating role of body satisfaction; Through the chain mediating role of both self-objectification and body satisfaction. The present study highlighted the chain mediating role of both self-objectification and body satisfaction in the effect of Short-video use on female undergraduates' depression. It may contribute to our better understanding of how Short-video use impacted female college students' depression from the Social Comparison Theory, the Objectification Theory and Triple Impact Model. The results of the study confirmed that Short-video had a negative impact on the emotional health of female college students. Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpersonal Emotion Regulation from the perspective of social interaction：Definition, Measurement and Theoritical Orientation 2020, (5): 1227-1234.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Emotion regulation is of great significance to the maintenance of interpersonal interaction and social relations. In the field of emotion regulation, an amount of researchers usually focus on studies about regulating themselves by themselves, named intrapersonal emotion regulation. Emotion regulation occurs at social interaction in our daily life, as a result, researches about interpersonal emotion regulation (abbrev. IER) are needed to further explored. Comparing with intrapersonal emotion regulation, the dynamic process of IER in the social interaction with others is the dominant feature, which is not investigated yet. To cover this gap, this review summarizes concepts, measurements, theory and empirical findings from the perspective of social interaction, and three key challenges for future research are discussed. Firstly, some researchers proposed different terminology of IER, this study describes the precise definition of IER in order to clear out the initial characteristic, which is dynamic. Secondly, this study introduced the measures of evaluating the dynamic of IER, which included the explicit self-reports, laboratory-based experiments and dynamic assessment methods. Amounts of self-reported questionnaires were developed into explore the strategies of interaction with others, but those could not revealed the dynamic of IER. As a result, some researches tried to conduct “aggression computer game” and “ emotion regulation choose paradigm ” and so on as innovation tools to explore the dynamic process of interpersonal emotion regulation in laboratory. Ecological momentary assessment, daily diary, video-recall conservation and observation as methods to explore dynamic process of IER in natural environment. And the advantages and disadvantages of these methods were comparatively discussed in this work. Thirdly, two theoretical orientations about interpersonal emotion regulation, namely the social regulation cycle model and interpersonal emotion regulation model were discussed. In the social regulation cycle model, previous works have been summarized, which introduced regulate others’ emotion to the field of social interaction. From the social regulation cycle model’s point of view, the researchers have studied the response features of emotion experiencer and regulator from the perspective of interpersonal emotion regulation process, which is how to regulate others’ emotion. The interpersonal emotion regulation communication model describes interactive process from emotion experience and partner. This model provides fundamental theory for interpersonal emotion regulation. Finally, future research can further explore culture as a important factor interaction with interpersonal emotion regulation, in particular, develop a Chinese version because of cultural difference. Although “state-space grid” captures the dynamic process involved in IER. However, there is a dearth of paradigms aim at describing dynamic process of IER. Innovative paradigms are required to adequately capture these complex processes in the future. In addition, researches about neural base of interpersonal emotion regulation are not enough, of importance, although much of the work to date has focused on self-report and laboratory of interpersonal emotion regulation, there is a dearth of research on the neural base used to describing the dynamic connection when regulated from others or interaction with others. Therefore, the future study is needed to examine the processes and neural base by which individuals seek out regulation from others. Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanisms and Future Directions of Voice Behavior: A New Perspective Hong-Xu LU 2020, (5): 1235-1242.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Since Van Dyne and LePine introduced the voice behavior into organizational behavior (OB) field in 1998, voice behavior has attracted the attention of many scholars. Over the years, based on some characteristics of voice behavior (e.g., challenging the status quo, extra role and suggestive for organization), scholars have conducted in-depth research on some antecedents of voice behavior. By analyzing the antecedents which affect the individuals’ voice behavior, the study proposes an integrated framework for voice behavior according to previous research, namely interpersonal risk perspective, obligation perspective and belief perspective. Moreover, based on the perspective of Control Theory, the study pointed out the direction of the further research, such as voice content, voice motivation, voice endorsement and voice implementation. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Formation and Development of Individual’s Prosocial Behavior: Evidence from the Grounded Theory Dan XU Yi-Xin LI 2020, (5): 1243-1249.  Abstract ( )   PDF   To explore how does individuals’ helping behavior develop after puberty, whether it change or not, what are the changes, and what are the influential factors during the process. This paper reviewed evolutionary explanation for the psychological mechanisms of prosocial behavior, theories and studies on development of children and adolescents’ helping behavior and its motivation. Few knowledges about the development of helping behavior in adulthood have been investigated. This study bridges the gap in prosocial behavior between social psychology and developmental psychology. In practical, it benefits our society through building a more altruistic environment. The present study used qualitative research method to collect and analyze data. Ten accommodating individuals in emerging adulthood, 4 females and 6 males, were semi-structured interviewed around their helping behavior in daily life. All interviews were recorded and transcribed into text, then coded and analyzed in NVivo 11 based on grounded theory. This format included data reduction and theme generation through using open coding, axis coding and selective coding sequently. The process of development of helping behavior emerged from the data, which can be divided into three stage. The first stage is the beginning and formation of helping behavior, which characterized by stable and external locus of control. At this stage people’s helping behavior was driven by inherent nature and social norm, but not personal will. They help for complying with the nature or conforming to the norms. As their growth and maturation, as well as the complexity of social environment and development of one’s cognitive abilities, they come to the second, sway stage. Its character showed in the name, which is still external locus of control but unstable. Because they realize that helping is neither a norm that everyone should comply with, nor must get good rewards. They became vacillate and doubt. Their action of helping was depended on external reward, such as reciprocation, affirmation, and good relationship. And the third stage is stabilization, featured by stable and internal locus of control. Through re-identifying with other helper, strengthening their early believes, or fulfilling inner deep needs (e.g. growth and achievement), helpers can restore cognitive coordination. Beliefs on helping behavior and their motivation varied at each stage. And developing path differ from person. Most interviewees were in the third stage after passing by the former two, some went straightly from the first to third stage, another was in the second stage. Then, the process of helping behavior development proposed in this study was compared with theories and findings in social psychology and developmental psychology. Our finding extends the development of prosocial behavior in developmental psychology to emerging adulthood. Manifested the vibration and stabilization after formation of helping behavior. Some suggestions were given for education and public media. Different strategies should be taken for different person. For children and adolescents, benefit of helping for others should be emphasized as usual. But for adult, we should offer some cases to help them find how to benefit themselves in helping. Finally, the limitations and future directions are analyzed. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Comparative Study of Probabilistic Logic and Fuzzy Logic in Refined Learning Diagnosis 2020, (5): 1258-1266.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Learning diagnosis can be regarded as the application of cognitive diagnosis in learning assessment. Currently, most conventional learning diagnosis models (LDM) are constructed based on binary attributes, and the diagnosis results show that students’ knowledge of each attribute can be classified into two categories: mastery and non-mastery. However, this dichotomy is too crude to satisfy the refined assessment of student’s learning statue and thus cannot realize the fine distinction of individual differences between different students. Therefore, the development of LDM with refined learning diagnosis function is a topic of both theoretical and practical significance Currently, there are two kinds of refined LDMs, i.e., the probabilistic LDMs and the fuzzy LDMs, which are respectively based on probabilistic logic and fuzzy logic. However, currently, no studies have compared these two models, which bring difficulties to practitioners in model selection. To this end, this study compares and analyzes the application effects of probabilistic logic and fuzzy logic in refined learning diagnosis from four perspectives: concept, model function, empirical data analysis, and simulation study. Firstly, probability logic and fuzzy logic are introduced and compared from the perspective of concept. Essentially, fuzzy logic is a type of deterministic uncertainty and probability logic is a type of uncertain determinacy. They focus on two different kinds of uncertainties in the same event, one is the uncertainty of event occurrence, and another one is the event ambiguity (i.e., to what degree it occurs). Secondly, two representative LDMs based on probability logic and Fuzzy logic are introduced: the HO-PINC model and the Fuzzy-DINA model. The item response functions of them are quite similar. And the main difference between them is that the probability or degree of ideal correct response of person n to item i is defined in different ways, i.e., for the HO-PINC model and for the Fuzzy-DINA model, where δ and t is the probabilistic attribute and the fuzzy attribute, respectively. Thirdly, the performance of these two models in five empirical data is compared. The results indicated that, compared with the HO-PINC model, the Fuzzy-DINA model can not only provide consistent estimates of model parameters, but also has a slightly better model-data relative fitting. Finally, a simple simulation study based on Q-matrices of varying degrees of complexity was conducted to further compare the performance of these two models. The results showed that, regardless of the Q-matrix, the parameter estimation results of these two models have a quite high correlation, which is basically consistent with the empirical research results. Overall, the results show that the psychometric performance of these two models are basically identical, but the Fuzzy-DINA model has a few advantages in model-data fitting than the HO-PINC model. However, this study is only a shallow study on the performance of probabilistic logic and fuzzy logic in refined learning diagnosis, and there are some limitations in the study itself, which cannot fully explain the superiority of probabilistic logic and fuzzy logic. Related Articles | Metrics

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Neurophysiological Mechanism underlying Depression: the role of Lateral Habenula 2020, (5): 1267-1273.  Abstract ( )   PDF   Depression is one of the most prevalent mental health problems. According to World Health Organization (WHO) statistics, the total estimated number of people living with depression increased by 18.4% between 2005 and 2015. By 2015, the number of depressive individuals in the world had reached 322 million, accounting for 4.4% of the global population, and by 2030, depression will become the leading cause of death and disease burden. Therefore, it is particularly important to explore the underlying mechanism of depression. As a core brain region connecting the limbic forebrain with the monoamine center of the midbrain, the excitatory state of lateral habenula（LHb） will affect the activity of monoaminergic brain regions (mainly refers to the brain region where monoamine neurotransmitter such as serotonin and dopamine gather): when LHb is excited, the activity of monoaminergic brain regions is inhibited, while when LHb is inhibited, the monoaminergic brain regions will be excited instead. Animal model and neuroimaging studies show that the excessive excitation of LHb is an important cause of depression. Existing literature has demonstrated that overexpression of Beta βCaMKII and glutamatergic receptor membrane of GluR1 subtype may be the molecular mechanism mediating LHb hyperexcitation. Recent studies have indicated that the bursting pattern of neurons also play an important role in mediating LHb over-excitation to induce depression.The specific neurophysiological pathways underlying the bursting are as follows: astroglial potassium channel (Kir4.1) is upregulated in the LHb, and then the potassium channels of astrocytes are opened. The potassium ions outside LHb neurons will be rapidly cleared, resulting in a decrease in the concentration of potassium ions outside neurons, which will promote the hyperpolarization of membrane potential. Then, the low-voltage-sensitive T-type calcium channel (T-VSCC）and the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) channel will be opened one after the other, which will result in the conversion of neurons from a single discharge mode to a bursting mode, thus triggering excessive excitation of LHb neurons. As an anti-reward center, LHb will be activated by negative stimuli such as disappointment, fear, etc. Based on previous studies, we believe that there may be such a pathway for depression: under the condition of repeated negative stimulation such as stress and anxiety, excessive excitation of LHb strengthens the inhibition of monoaminergic brain regions activity in the downstream reward center, thus inducing depression. It should be noted that the vast majority of existing findings on the neurophysiological mechanism of LHb on depression were obtained from animal models. Given that there are essential distinctions between human depression and animal depression-like behavior, the available conclusions should be further verified among human beings. Previous literature has demonstrated that there are significant gender differences in the incidence rate of depression, and in the brain structure and function of depressed patients. However, no study has paid attention to whether the role of LHb on depression is moderated by gender so far. In addition, depression has important genetic and environmental underpinnings, whether and how the LHb-related genes, together with other candidate genes and environment, impact the function and structure of LHb and then trigger depression still remain unclear. Finally, existing studies on the effect of LHb on depression mainly employ cross-sectional design. Therefore, future study could focus on the dynamic development of LHb’s effect on depression by using longitudinal design. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Psychobiography Study on the Great Confucian Shili Xiong’s "Mad" Personality Xue DING 2020, (5): 1274-1279.  Abstract ( )   PDF   This paper explored the character of Shili Xiong from the perspective of psychobiography, and discussed its multi-causes. Firstly, this paper clarified the embodiment of Shili Xiong’s “mad” personality in his career role. In terms of family, Shili showed a contradiction in intimate relationship; influenced by native family relationships, Shili often stayed away from his family and lived alone after marriage, but he was very kind and close to students. In terms of interpersonal relationships, Shili showed a contradiction between “honest” and “impertinent”. This makes it easy for Shili to make friends with others, but the friendships are unstable. In academics, Shili also showed high creativity and unnormative contradictory features. Shili established the status of contemporary Neo-Confucian because of the creative establishment and development of "New Cittamatra". However, the subjective non-historical academic attitude has also been criticized. Secondly, this paper analyzed five reasons of Shili Xiong's “mad”personality. In geopolitical environment, Shili’s hometown has been a cultural town since ancient times. There are countless heroes and scholars. For a long time, it has formed atmosphere that respects “mad” personality. In family environment and genetics, Shili’s ancestors are scholar. Shili’s father is a person who has deep knowledge but does not attach importance to the imperial examinations. He is a person who is sympathetic to the weak and hates to be bullying. Shili not only inherits the high IQ from the ancestors who is good at reading, but also is influenced by his father in personality. In books and culture, Shili loves patriotic tragic and heroical storys. The protagonists are characterized by heroism, patriotism, and self-giving. This protagonist played an role model for Shili. In terms of companions, He Zixin, Wang Han and He Yuge are important companions of young Shili. The three are patriotic revolutionary patriots, full of ambitions and talents. Shili is often unconsciously influenced by them. In the times background, the turbulent social environment is conducive to the development of the “mad” personality. From the perspective of overall dynamics and psychological dynamics, the performance of "mad" personality of Shili Xiong is very consistent with the characteristics of self-realizer. The positive growth environment since childhood gives Shili a sense of security, and it also makes him constantly under the traction of growth power and eventually develops into self-realizer. “Mad” personality is to a large extent the driving force of Shili's career development; and it also provides a constant internal motivation for the high creativity of academic career. Another point is that Shili likes to eat meat. This is a kind of compensatory behavior and a relative dissatisfaction of physiological needs. However, this degree of dissatisfaction does not hinder Shili from generating high-level needs and self-realization. Then, Shili 's career was deeply influenced by Shili Xiong's father. His strong identification with his father is the root of his firm“commitment to academic” belief. Thus, the growth tendency and deep recognition of the father is the key reason for shaping the personality and career direction of Shili's “mad” personality. Related Articles | Metrics